1. Review for UNIT TEST Hint, Wink, Nudge, Do a Dance
Evolution
Review for UNIT TEST
Hint, Wink, Nudge, Do a Dance

2. Inhabiting the Earth
Big Bang Bacteria Plants Plant – Eaters Meat Eaters

3. Darwin
The process of Natural Selection – the biological mechanism that promotes the evolution of a species.

5. Genetic Variation Needed for Natural Selection to occur.
Can be caused by a mutation or genetic recombination.

6. Darwin’s Observations
Darwin noted similarities between species living on the Galapagos Islands and those living on the Coast of South America.
Finches, plants, iguanas

7. His Explanation
Ancestors of similar species migrated from South America to the Galapagos Islands.

8. Adaptations
Animals and plants develop characteristics that allow them to survive (eat, maintain homeostasis) and reproduce.

9. Competition
The land iguana and the marine iguana have different adaptations and occupy different niches in order to reduce competition between the two.

10. Invasive Non – Native Species
If a non-native animal is introduced to an ecosystem, the native species must adapt.

11. Coevolution
Animals that evolved at the same time will have different adaptations that allow them to occupy different niches.

12. Evidence of a Common Ancestor
Fossils (Transitional Forms)
Carbon Dating
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures
DNA Fingerprinting
Embryo Development
All of these show the relatedness among a species.

13. Carbon Dating
The half-life of carbon – 14 is 5,730 years. If an organism containing one gram of carbon – 14 in its tissues died about 17,000 years ago, how much carbon-14 is left in its bones?

14. Relative Dating No! It is not dating your relatives.
It is looking at rock layers in order to determine the relative age of the rock.

15. Homologous Structures
Same structure, different function
Evidence of a common ancestor

16. Embryology
Embryology shows us the at early stages all vertebrates have the same characteristics = common ancestor.

17. Transitional Forms
Intermediate stages found in the fossil record between the common ancestor and the present stage of an organism.

18. Kettlewell’s Experiment
Before the industrial revolution there were many white moths, and very few dark moths – because the trees were white.

19. After the Industrial Revolution
The trees are covered in soot, so white moths are more easily seen and get eaten, leaving dark moths to survive and reproduce.
Increase in dark moths due to natural selection

20. Kettelwell’s Hypothesis
Based on his observations, Kettelwell hypothesized that moths whose body color matches the color of the tree bark are more likely to survive.

21. Evolution of the Horse Summary:
Horses have undergone several changes that are evident in the fossil record.

22. Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Kingdom: Animalia
  Phylum: Chordata
    Class: Mammalia
      Order: Perissodactyla
        Family: Equidae
          Genus: Equus
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

23. What makes a species?
In order for two organisms to be considered members of the same species they must be able to produce fertile offspring.

24. Hominid Evolutionary Tree
Able to determine the ancestors of human.

25. Evolution of Primates
Paleontologists can distinguish an ape skull from a human skull by the size of the cranial cavity.
Several species developed and then became extinct, leaving no descendants.
Fossil evidence suggests that human beings did not evolve from modern apes.

26. Comparing Amino Acid Differences
Number of Amino Acid Differences when compared to human hemoglobin = 0
They are most closely related to humans.

27. Artificial Selection When HUMANS intervene.
Change the genes of plants or animals.