1. Journal
How does the misuse of antibiotics affect the evolution of disease-causing bacteria? Use the theory of natural selection to explain the growing resistance to antibiotics.

2. TAXONOMY

3. Taxonomy- science of classifying & naming
Taxonomy- science of classifying & naming organisms based on similarities.
1. Aristotle-
developed first system of classification.
Very vague; NO LONGER USED
Divided & classified organisms as:
PLANTS
a. Trees (large)
b. Shrubs (medium)
c. Grasses (small)
ANIMALS
a. Land
b. Air
c. water

4. Broadest Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Most specific
Carolus Linneaus-
developed system we use today.
developed 7 levels of classification
Broadest
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Most specific

5. Carolus Linneaus
Developed binomial nomenclature- two word system for naming organisms (AKA- scientific names)
Scientific names reduce confusion of regional names
EX: Felis concolor is scientific name for puma, mtn. lion, cougar

6. Scientific Naming Rules
Written in Latin- old language/never changes
Italicized when typed; underlined when written
First word is genus name- capitalized
Second word is species name- lowercase
Species name can represent:
Color- ex: Acer rubrum is a red maple
Who discovered it- ex: Friula wallacii is a spider discovered by Wallace
Place where discovered- ex: Aplysia californica is a California Sea Hare

7. DOMAINS
Scientists have recently added a new category- Domains which are larger than kingdoms.
Three domains
Domain Bacteria
Includes common bacteria
Domain Archaea
Includes extreme bacteria
Domain Eukarya
Includes protists, fungi, plants, animals

8. This is the classification for a human
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
This is the classification for a human
Genus Homo
Our scientific name is Homo sapien
Species sapien

9. Mnemonic Device Domain Dear Kingdom King Phylum Philip Class Came
Order Over
Family For
Genus Great
Species Spaghetti

10. Organisms are classified into their different kingdoms based on
Cell type
Cell structure
Number of cells
Mode of nutrition

11. 6 KINGDOMS Monera 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia
1. Eubacteria
2. Archebacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

12. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA EX: E.coli or Streptococcus - Prokaryote
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph

13. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
EX: methanogens, halophiles- Live in extreme places
Prokaryote
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph

14. KINGDOM PROTISTA EX: amoeba, paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose in some, Some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph

15. KINGDOM PLANTAE EX: mosses, ferns, flowering plants Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
Multicellular
Autotroph

16. KINGDOM FUNGI EX: mushrooms, yeast Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph

17. KINGDOM ANIMALIA EX: sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals, etc.
Eukaryote
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Multicellular
Heterotroph

18. Cladograms/Phylogenetic Trees
Show evolutionary relationships
Like a family tree

19. Which two animals are more closely related?
Which two animals are least closely related?
Chimp & Bonobo
Gibbon & Human

20. Classification key/Dichotomous key-
1. Type of tool used to identify unknown organisms.
2. Use a series of steps to identify an organism starting with its most general traits & ending with its most specific traits.
How to read one:
Read 1st two statements. Which ever is correct about your organism, follow the instructions. Keep doing this until you reach a scientific name.
See example on next slide

21. Geospiza
Bird W
Bird X
Bird Y
Bird Z
Platyspiza
Certhidea
Camarhynchus