1. Inside the shell of the amniotic egg are several extraembryonic membranes that function in gas exchange, waste storage, and the transfer of stored nutrients to the embryo.
These develop from tissues layers that grow out from the embryo.
Fig
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Reptile Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
Amniotic egg (leathery).
Scales containing the protein keratin
waterproof the skin.
Reptiles obtain all their oxygen with
lungs; no cutaneous respiration unlike amphibians.

4. Extensive diversification in Cenozoic.
Evolution of Mammals
Dinosaurs became extinct at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T)boundary ~ 65 mya (end of Mesozoic).
Mammalian evolution began over 220 mya from reptilian stock – the therapsids.
Remained small, and “out of the lime light” until dinosaurs became extinct.
Extensive diversification in Cenozoic.
Extant mammals - ~ 4,500 species.

5. The Evolution of Primates

6. Fossil record
Aegyptopithecus
- lived about million yr ago
- gave rise to the hominoids
Hominoids
- 22 – 32 million year ago
- ancestor to apes and humans - Hominids
Hominids
- 4 – 8 million yr ago
somewhere between million yr ago
- a stooped ape became an upright ape

7. Early Cenozoic Primates
The earliest primates date to the first part of the Cenozoic (65-54 m.y.a.).
The Eocene (54-38 m.y.a.) was the epoch of prosimians with at least 60 different genera in two families.
The omomyid family lived in North America, Europe, and Asia and may be ancestral to all anthropoids.
The adapid family was ancestral to the lemur-loris line.

8. Omomyid
An artist’s reconstruction of Shoshonius, a member of the Eocene omomyid family.

9. Dryopithecus
Dryopithecus lived in Europe during the middle and late Miocene.
This group probably includes the common ancestor of the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs) and the great apes.
Dryopithecus has the Y-5 arrangement of molar cusps typical of Dryopithecus and of hominoids.

10. Early Primates Prosimians (65mya) Monkeys (35mya) Apes (23mya)
Hominins (5mya)

11. Primate Species 166 species currently identified
Most are tree dwellers
Most are herbivores (eat fruit or leaves)
Some are omnivores (eat anything)

12. Primate Distribution

13. Primate Classification
Primates are divided into two main Suborders:
1. Prosimians:
Lemurs, Lorises,Tarsiers
2. Anthropoids:
NW & OW Monkeys, Apes, Humans

14. Prosimians a. Fat-tailed galago (mainland Africa)
b. Ruffed lemur (Madagascar)
c. Sifaka (Madagascar)
d. Ring-tailed lemur (Madagascar)
e. Mouse lemur (Madagascar)
f. Slow loris (South Asia)
g. Aye-aye (Islands off Madagascar)

15. Anthropoids a. Spider monkey (NW monkey) b. Saki monkey (NW monkey)
c. Drill (OW terrestrial monkey)
d. Tamarin (NW marmoset)
e. Colobus (OW arboreal monkey)
f. Gibbon (OW lesser ape)
g. Gorilla (OW great ape)

16. Lemurs, Tarsiers, Aye-Ayes, Lori

17. Lemurs

18. Tarsier

20. Aye-Aye
The aye-aye shown here lives on the island of Madagascar. It is a very specialized insect-eater.
Large eyes & good climbing abilities. The aye-aye, and most other prosimians, differ from monkeys and apes in having a moist area of skin on the nose.

21. Lori

22. Platyrrhine Monkeys Platyrrhines Flat noses Nostrils point sideways
Many have prehensile tails
Live in South and Central America

23. Platyrrhine Monkeys: Tamarins

24. Platyrrhine Monkeys: Capuchin Monkey

25. Prehensile Tail

26. Catarrhine Monkeys Downward-pointing nostrils
Evolved and found in Africa and Asia

27. Catarrhines Divided into two Superfamilies: Old World Monkeys
Hominoids
Lack tails, have larger skulls, & walk partially upright
Include Gibbons, Gorillas, Orangutans, Humans, & Chimpanzees

28. Catarrhine Monkeys: Mandrill and Diana

29. Terrestrial Old World Monkeys: Baboon

30. Hominoid Taxonomy

31. Lesser Ape: Gibbon

32. Great Ape: Orangutan

33. Great Ape: Gorilla

34. Great Ape: Chimpanzee

35. Locomotion forms Brachiation Bipedalism Knuckle walking
Laetoli, Tanzania, c million years ago

36. Early Primates - Traits
Common physical primate traits:
Dense hair or fur covering
Warm-blooded
Live young
Suckle
Infant dependence
Common social primate traits:
Social life
Play
Observation and imitation
Pecking order
Common Primate Traits

37. Primate Characteristics: Extended Gestation & Maturation
1. Primates are born at earlier stages of development than many other animals
2. Prolongation of postnatal life periods
3. Humans are born at a particularly early stage because of their larger brain; if born later, the baby’s head would be too large for the mother’s pelvis

38. Primate Characteristics: Summary
Large brains
3-D vision, Reduced Sense of Smell
Flexible shoulder joints, Vertical Positioning of Trunk
Hands and feet with five digits
Grasping thumb

39. Primate Characteristics: Summary (cont.)
Flat fingernails instead of claws
Generalized dentition
Extended Gestation and Maturation
Strong Maternal-Offspring Bond
High Degree of Socialization