1. Aim: How are living things classified?
Taxonomy
Aim: How are living things classified?

2. What variety! What similarity!
Diversity of Life
there are so many different creatures on Earth
why are there differences?
Unity of life
all creatures have similarities
common characteristics
why are they so alike?

3. I. What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with the classification and naming of living things.

4. II. Five Kingdom Classification is based on the following criteria:
A. Cytological Information: Cell type (eukaryotic or prokaryotic).
B. Body form (multicellular or unicellular).
C. Mode of Nutrition
1. Autotrophorganisms that produce (make) their own food from simple materials. Ex: plants
2. Heterotrophorganisms that obtain their food from their environment.

5. II. Five Kingdom Classification is based on the following criteria:
D. Embryological Information: Similar patterns of embryonic development (development in early stages).
E. Biochemical Information: Biochemical similarities (DNA, proteins).
F. Structural Information: Similarities in structure.
G. Behavioral
*Taxonomy suggests that related organisms share a common ancestor.
*Need to classify (categorize) organisms to study unity and diversity in an organized manner.

6. King Philip Can Only Fight Girl Scouts
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

7. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
Kingdom Monera – prokaryotic, unicelluar
** Monerans are the most primitive in this five kingdom classification.
Phylum -
1. Bacteria - Heterotrophic
2. Blue-Green Algae - Autotrophic

8. Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My! Rods Spheres

9. Prokaryotes Bacteria one-celled organisms microscopic no organelles
have cell membrane
have DNA
most common form of life on Earth
incredible number of different kinds

10. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
Kingdom Protista – eukaryotic, unicellular
Phylum:
1. Protozoa - heterotrophic
Ex. Ameba & Paramecium
2. Algae - autotrophic

11. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
Kingdom Fungi - eukaryotic, mostly multicellular
Heterotrophic - absorb food from the environment. Lacks chlorophyll.
Ex. Yeast, bread mold, mushroom

12. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
Kingdom Plantae - eukaryotic, multicellular
Autotrophic - photosynthetic
Phylum:
1. Bryophytes - lacks vascular (veins) tissue. No true roots.
Ex. Moss

13. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
2. Tracheophytes - possess vascular (veins) tissue
Ex. Ferns, maple & pine trees, corn geranium

14. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
Kingdom Animalia – eukaryotic, multicellular
Heterotrophic – must ingest food
Phylum:
1. Coelenterates - 2 cell layer, hollow body cavity, radial symmetry
Ex. Hydra, jellyfish

15. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
2. Annelids - segmented body walls, tube with in a tube body structure.
Ex. Earthworm, sandworm

16. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
3. Arthropods - jointed appendages, exoskeleton, segmented bodies
Ex. Grasshopper, lobster, spider

17. III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla
4. Chordates – backbone (endoskeleton) dorsal (back) nerve cord
Ex. Shark, frog, human

18. IV. Chordates (Classes):
A. Fish - overlapping scales, 2 chambered hearts, cold blooded
Ex. Salmon, snapper, shark

19. IV. Chordates (Classes):
B. Amphibians - land/water animals, 3 chambered hearts, cold blooded
Ex. Frog, salamander

20. IV. Chordates (Classes):
C. Reptiles - scales side by side, 3 chambered hearts, cold blooded.
Ex. Snake, lizard

21. IV. Chordates (Classes):
D. Birds - 4 chambered hearts, feathers, hollow bones, warm blooded.
Ex. Eagle, blue jay, Tweetie

22. IV. Chordates (Classes):
E. Mammals - 4 chambered hearts, warm blooded, milk glands to feed young, hair
Ex. Lion, dog, horse, human

23. Carolus Linnaeus Homo sapiens The Linnean system proposed in 1700s
each species has a 2 part name
genus
species
Homo sapiens

24. Latin binomial 2 part scientific name Example:
Genus — larger group to which organism belongs
always capitalized
species — specific name for that organism
always lowercase
Example:
Homo sapiens
means “wise man”

25. Genus groupings Classify organisms into broader groups
Species that are closely related are grouped into the same genus
Leopard Panthera pardus
African lion Panthera leo
Tiger Panthera tigris

26. May look ALIKE, but can not mate with each other
Common Name: cheetah
Scientific name: Acinonyx jubatus
Common Name: panther
Scientific name: Panthera pardus

27. V. Classification of Humans
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordates
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
species: sapiens