1. Biological Classification and the Living Primates
LAB 10
Biological Classification and the Living Primates

2. Reminders
If you are going to the Zoo, please give me cash if you have not already
We will meet at 9:45am, to the right of the ticket counter
Exams, pick up a copy and you can do questions over for half credit

3. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
200 million years ago, in Mesozoic Era, mammals appeared
Traits: have live young, fur, large brains, different teeth, constant body temperature
Homologous features/homologies: features a group shares because of common ancestry
Analogies: features may function or look the same, but they are not related through ancestry

4. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
Convergent Evolution: Two species not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
Kangaroos and elephants have 6 sets of molars
Parallel Evolution: independent evolution of similar traits, starting from a similar ancestral condition.
Flying lemurs, flying squirrels, sugar gliders

5. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

6. HOMOLOGY VS ANALOGY Practice: 1. arm of a dolphin and a human?
2. bat wing and bird wing?
3. tail of cat and crocodile?
4. lack of tail in humans and apes?

7. HOMOLOGY VS ANALOGY Practice:
1. arm of a dolphin and a human? Homology
2. bat wing and bird wing? Analogy
3. tail of cat and crocodile? Analogy (Convergent Evolution)
4. lack of tail in humans and apes? Homology

8. PRIMITIVE AND DERIVED FEATURES
Primitive features: “original” features, the ones our ancestors had
Derived features: any features that have changed or have new adaptations over time
Examples:
Mammals can have thumbs but primates have opposable thumbs

9. BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Binomial nomenclature: two-name system, specifically genus and species, in Latin
Example:
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Pongidae
Genus Pongo
Species pygmaeus

10. ALTERNATIVES Taxonomy is science of naming things
Can also classify things based on
Recency of divergence from ancestor
To what extent the groups diverged (how much change)

11. ORDER PRIMATES
To be in this group, must have most or all of the “primate” characteristics:
Nails, opposable thumbs, emphasis on vision, postnatal dependency, enlarged brain, etc.
Diet is very important, and we see evidence of this in dentition
Folivore
Frugivore
Gramnivore
Gummivore

12. PRIMATE CLASSIFICATION
Two major suborders
Strepsirhini (Prosimians)
Comma shaped nostril
Primitive characters
Unique traits: grooming claw and tooth comb
Lemur, loris, galago
Haplorhini (Anthropoids)
Simple nostril
Human-like
Monkeys of NW, monkeys, apes, humans of OW

13. PRIMATE CLASSIFICATION
Traditionally, the classification was Prosimians vs. Anthropoids
Everything was the same, but the tarsier did not fit with either. We now use new system so that tarsier has a place.
They are still unique, but are now placed with Haplorhines

14. ORDER PRIMATES The Handout….... Use this to study and help review
It will help you greatly

15. Strepsirhine
Small brain
No postorbital closure
Lateral orbits
Unfused mandible
Pointy molars
Longer snout
Moist nose
Split upper lip
Toothcomb
Grooming claw
Haplorhine
Larger brain
Postorbital closure
Forward orbits
Fused mandible*
Flat molars*
Shorter snout
Dry nose
Complete lip
Nails*
*except tarsier

16. STREPSIRHINE

17. TARSIIFORMS Tarsiers Vertical clinging and leaping
Huge eyes because nocturnal
Unfused mandible
Grooming claw
Pointy molars
They have a mixture of primitive and derived traits

18. TARSIER

19. PLATYRRHINES NW monkeys (Central/S America) Only monkeys!
Nostrils on the side
…extra premolar
Some have prehensile tails
No bony ear tube
Cebids: spider monkeys, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, tamarins, marmosets

21. CATARRHINES Monkeys, apes, humans in OW (Africa, Asia)
Nostrils face down
Bony ear tube
Regular tail or lack of tail

22. CERCOPITHECOIDS Monkeys of OW Bilophodont molars Regular tail
Examples: baboons, vervets, colobus, macaques, langurs

24. HOMINOIDS Apes and humans of OW Largest brain size Y-5 molar no tail
Examples: (gibbon: lesser ape), orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans

29. The Plan…..... Today: Exercise 9, the Living Primates and Zoo prep
Do exercise 9.3
For the Zoo, turn to page 95: review in groups what the plan and terms you will need to know
Bring page to the zoo with something to write on/with
Hints: its going to be hot, be ready/Good walking shoes/Sun Screen
Extra credit hand out on your desks, worth 25 points-If you choose to do this I need to sign your hypothesis today.