1. The science of naming organisms.
Taxonomy
The science of naming organisms.

2. Why Classify?
We all have systems of organization. Systems that categorize, simplify, identify, look for similarities and differences… Why is it important in our lives? why is it important in science?

3. Aristotle Did It Plant or animal? If an animal, does it
Fly
Swim
Crawl
Simple classifications
Used common names
BC. Dad was Nichomachus, also a famous Greek philosopher. Studied and taught at Plato’s academy for 20 years. Tutor of Alexander the Great.

7. Carolus Linnaeus did it better
Father of modern classification
Based his system on homologous structures
Developed binomial nomenclature
First word = genus name (capitalized)
Second word = species name (not capitalized)
Swedish. Botany Zoology. At the time the most acclaimed scientist in Europe.

8. Why binomial nomenclature?
Much easier than a 10+ word name under old “polynomial system”
Same name no matter where you go
Less confusion
Names used to be…
“Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their undersides and not teeth around their edges.”

9. Taxonomic hierarchy Names organisms and their relationships from
very broad to very specific

10. Scientific Names You Need to Know
Homo sapiens
Canis lupus
Felis domesticus
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus
Ursus americanus
Humans
Wolf
Cat
Brown Bear
Polar Bear
American Black Bear

11. Record the taxa for Homo sapian:
Domain-
Kingdom -
Phylum-
Class-
Order-
Family-
Genus-
Species-
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens

12. What is a species anyway?
Species- A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce viable offspring
How many are out there?
Scientists currently estimate that
There are 10 million species worldwide
Over 5 million live in the tropics
Most unnamed species are small or microscopic

13. Why is taxonomy useful? Helps prevent confusion among scientists
Helps to show how organisms are related
Can be used to reconstruct phylogenies – evolutionary histories – of an organism or group

14. Traditional vs Modern Taxonomy
Linneaus (1700’s)
2 Kingdoms
(KPCOFGS)
Based on homologous structures
Modern (2000’s)
3 Domains
6 Kingdoms
(DKPCOFGS)
Based on evolutionary relationships (DNA, proteins, embryology, fossil record, homologous structures

15. A note on cladograms
Cladogram- diagram that show evolutionary relationships (phylogenies)
Graph showing when different groups diverged from a common ancestral line
Points where they diverge are often noted with a feature that was different between ancestral group and a “new” feature in the group that split off.

16. Bird Cladogram

18. Dichotomous Keys Important Things About Using A Dichotomous Key
Start at the beginning
Decide which of the two statements is best (READ BOTH STATEMENTS!!!)

19. Dichotomous Key Activity
Activity Objectives:
Create a dichotomous classification key to key out 8 individual conifer specimens
Name each specimen using proper punctuation and capitalization associated with binomial nomenclature.

20. Classification vs. Cladogram

21. The 6 kingdoms Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes - 1.Eubacteria
2.Archaebacteria
Eukaryotes
3.Fungi
4.Protista
5.Animal
6.Plantae

22. Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Unicellular
Live in extreme environments
Prokaryotic
Eubacteria
“Common bacteria”

23. Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Protista
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or colonial
Lots of different life styles
Fungi
Cell walls made of chitin
Multicellular
External heterotrophs

24. Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Plantae
Eukaryotic & Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
Autotrophic
Animalia
No cell walls
Internal heterotrophs

25. Vocab to review Taxonomy Classification
Dom,King, Phyl, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Binomial Nomenclature
Autotrophs/ Heterotrophs
6 Kingdoms-
Eukaryotes/Prokaryote
Dichotomous Key
Cladogram

26. Practice Questions
A tool often found in a field guide that is used to identify organisms is called
Cladogram
Binomial Nomenclature
Dichotomous Key
taxonomy

27. 2. Organisms that eat other organisms for food are called _________________. 3. The two part naming system developed by Linneus is called _________________. 4. The geologic timeline covers a very long time, how far does the current timeline go back? (How old is the earth?)

28. 5. Which of the following domain includes organisms that can be found in extreme temperatures of deep sea vents?
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archae
Animalia

29. 6. Humans are
Ingestive autotrophs
Absorptive autotrophs
Ingestive heterotrophs
Absorptive heterotrophs

30. 7. In Aristotole’s system of classification, animals are grouped according to their
Size
Habitat
Structrue
ancestors

31. 8. Unicellular eukaryotes belong to the kingdom ______________. 9
8. Unicellular eukaryotes belong to the kingdom ______________? 9. Unicellular prokaryotes that are found in the back of your refrigerator are called ___________? 10. Organisms that lack a nuclear membrane are called _______________?