1. CHAPTER 5: CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER
SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE

2. Grasslands extended through the western central portions of the United States

3. THE GREAT PLAINS REGION WAS POPULATED BY VARIOUS NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES
SOME NOMADIC I.E. SIOUX & CHEYENNE
HUNTED BUFFALO AND OTHER GAME AND FOLLOWED THE GROWING SEASONS FOR BERRIES
OTHER TRIBES WERE SEDENTARY
I.E. OSAGE AND IOWA
LIVED IN TEEPEES GROWING CROPS AND HUNTING NEARBY

4. NOMADIC TRIBES
DEVELOPED AS A CULTURE AFTER SPANISH INTRODUCED HORSES INTO THE WESTERN LANDSCAPE (LATE 1500S)
LIVED COMMUNALLY WITH NATURE
BUFFALO MEAT WAS DRIED AND USED FOR FOOD
BUFFALO HIDES USED FOR TEEPEE CONSTRUCTION, SHOES, CLOTHING, AND BLANKETS

5. NOMADIC TRIBES
SOMETIMES THESE WANDERING TRIBES WOULD CROSS INTO ANOTHER TRIBE'S TERRITORY WHILE HUNTING - THIS LED TO WAR AMONG TRIBES
IT WAS A SIGN OF HONOR IF A YOUNG BRAVE KILLED AN ENEMY TO THE TRIBE OR IF THEY WOULD COUNT COUP (VIA THEIR COUP STICK)

6. NOMADIC TRIBES
OTHER TIMES TRIBES WOULD ARRANGE TRUCES AND SHARE IN HARVEST CELEBRATIONS

7. NOMADIC AND SEDENTARY: TRIBES HAD MANY THINGS IN COMMON
UPBRINGING:
YOUNG MEN TRAINED TO BE HUNTERS AND WARRIORS
YOUNG WOMEN CLEANED ANIMAL HIDES AND PREPARED KILLS FOR FOOD
RELIGION
BELIEVED VARIOUS SPIRITS CONTROLLED EVENTS IN THE NATURAL WORLD
THOSE WHO SHOWED SPECIAL SENSITIVITY TO THE SPIRITS BECAME SHAMANS OR HEALERS FOR THEIR TRIBES

8. NOMADIC OR SEDENTARY TRIBES: TRIBES HAD MANY THINGS IN COMMON
EDUCATION-CHILDREN LEARNED LANGUAGE, HISTORY, AND TRADITION THROUGH STORIES, GAMES, AND THE EXAMPLE OF THEIR ELDERS
GOVERNMENT-TRIBES WERE RULED BY A COUNCIL (GROUP CONSENT)
LAND-NO ONE OWNED LAND

9. EPIC ENCOUNTERS
EUROPEAN (NOW AMERICAN) VIEW OF RELIGION, LAND OWNERSHIP, AND GOVERNMENT WERE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE NATIVES
AS THE NATIVE AMERICANS HAD NOT “SETTLED DOWN” AND “IMPROVED” UPON THE WESTERN TERRITORY, AMERICANS VIEWED THE LAND AS “UP FOR GRABS”

10. GOLD & SILVER & WEALTH..OH MY
THE DISCOVERY OF PRECIOUS METALS DREW DROVES OF FORTUNE SEEKERS WEST AS WELL
THEY BUILT THEIR MINING CAMPS ON NATIVE LAND

11. THE US GOVERNMENT
IN 1834 THE US GOVERNMENT DECLARED THE GREAT PLAINS (THE ENTIRE THING) A RESERVATION FOR NATIVE AMERICANS
IN 1850 THEY CHANGED THEIR MINDS, DRAWING SPECIAL TERRITORIES WHERE EACH TRIBE SHOULD LIVE BIG SURPRISE..THE NATIVE TRIBES IGNORED THEM)

12. THE US GOVERNMENT
THIS LED TO INEVITABLE CLASHES BETWEEN NATIVES AND SETTLERS/MINERS ON THE PLAINS

13. THE US GOVERNMENT EX. 1864: MASSACRE AT SAND CREEK
HUNDREDS OF CHEYENNE HAD SET UP WINTER ON THEIR RESERVATION LAND IN COLORADO, BUT A US ARMY GENERAL NAMED CURTIS SENT HIS FORCES IN TO SHOW THE NATIVES SOME HUMILITY
150 INHABITANTS OF SAND CREEK WERE KILLED (MOSTLY WOMEN & CHILDREN)

14. THE BOZEMAN TRAIL
A SETTLEMENT TRAIL THAT RAN RIGHT THROUGH SIOUX TERRITORY
SIOUX CHIEF RED CLOUD APPEALED TO THE USA GOVERNMENT TO STOP SETTLEMENT IN THIS REGION
DEC AS THE TRAFFIC DID NOT CEASE, A SIOUX WARRIOR NAMED CRAZY HORSE LED AN ATTACK ON AN ARMY COMPANY KILLING 80 SOLDIERS

15. TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE
US GOVERNMENT AGREED TO CLOSE THE BOZEMAN TRAIL AND IN EXCHANGE SEVERAL SIOUX LEADERS SIGNED THE TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE

16. PROBLEM??
NOT ALL SIOUX TRIBES SIGNED
HUNKPAPA SIOUX CHIEF

17. FURTHER CONFLICT
THE SIOUX, RAISED AS NOMADS, HAD A VERY DIFFICULT TIME LIVING IN A CONFINED AREA
THE US ARMY GAVE ORDERS TO DESTROY NATIVE VILLAGES AND PONIES, KILL ALL WARRIORS, AND BRING WOMEN AND CHILDREN BACK TO RESERVATION TERRITORY

18. 1874 BLACK HILL
WIDELY PUBLICIZED, THIS DREW THOUSANDS TO THE BLACK HILLS…HOME OF THE SIOUX

19. INFAMOUS EVENT…CUSTER’S LAST STAND
JUNE 1876 REMAINING SIOUX AND CHEYENNE TRIBES CAME TOGETHER
FLANKED THE APPROACHING US 7TH CAVALRY LED BY GEORGE A. CUSTER KILLED EVERY SINGLE SOLDIER
DESPITE THIS VICTORY THE SIOUX WERE FORCED TO SURRENDER BY LATE 1876

20. SITTING BULL
THE FAMOUS CHIEF SURRENDERED IN ORDER TO SAVE HIS PEOPLE FROM STARVATION
HE EVENTUALLY BECOMES A PRIMARY ATTRACTION BUFFALO BILL’S WILD WEST SHOW…ANNIE GET YOUR GUN ANYONE????

21. NOW…WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE INDIANS?
WHILE THERE WERE A FEW WHO SAID; WOW-WE ROBBED THESE PEOPLE OF EVERYTHING
MOST SAID “THEY SHOULD JUST BE LIKE US”
THE TERM FOR THIS IS “ASSIMILATION” – GIVING UP YOUR BELIEFS AND WAY OF LIFE TO BE LIKE THE DOMINANT CULTURE

22. THE DAWES ACT WHAT IT SAID… WHAT IT DID…
BROKE UP INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND INSTEAD GAVE 160 ACRES/FAMILY AND 80 ACRES/SINGLE ADULT
REMAINDER OF RESERVATION LAND SOLD TO SETTLERS WITH PROFIT GOING TO NATIVES FOR FARM EQUIPMENT
THEY RECEIVED THE LAND, BUT NO MONEY FOR PLOWS, FARM ANIMALS, SEEDS, ETC.
THE SETTLERS TOOK 2/3RDS OF THE RESERVATION LAND

23. THE END COMES EVER CLOSER
BUFFALO HUNTING => THE NEWEST SPORT IN AMERICA
1800 EST. 65,000,000 BUFFALO
1890 EST. 1,000 BUFFALO

24. BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE
A DESPERATE SIOUX PEOPLE LOOKED TO THE OLD WAYS TO RESTORE AND SAVE THEIR PEOPLE
PART OF THE RITUAL INCLUDED THE GHOST DANCE
IT COMPLETELY FREAKED GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
THEY WENT TO ARREST THE GREAT SIOUX CHIEF SITTING BULL – IN THE END THEY SHOT HIM ON SIGHT

25. DECEMBER 1890 – WOUNDED KNEE
THE US 7TH CAVALRY ROUNDED UP THE REMAINING 350ISH SIOUX WHO WERE STARVING AND EXPOSED AND TOOK THEM TO WOUNDED KNEE (S. DAKOTA)
THEY ORDERED THAT ALL WEAPONS BE TURNED OVER
A SHOT RANG OUT AND A MELEE ENSUED

26. DECEMBER 28TH, 1890
300 UNARMED SIOUX LAY DEAD BY THE TIME FIRING CEASED
IT WAS THE END OF THE END FOR NATIVE AMERICANS