2. 11 The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.1: Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.2: Regulation of the Heart Lesson 11.3: Blood Vessels and Circulation Lesson 11.4: Heart Disease

3. Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.1
Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System

4. Cardiovascular System
Includes:
heart, blood vessels, and blood
Functions:
transports oxygen, hormones, and other nutrients to cells
rids the body of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products
helps regulate body temp by vasodilation and vasoconstriction
assists with immune function

5. The Heart a normal healthy adult heart beats 72-82 bpm
located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and under the sternum
centered in the chest and tilted slightly to the left
sits on the diaphragm
base is at the top of the heart and apex is at the bottom of the heart

6. The Heart: Location and Size

7. The Four Chambers of the Heart
right atrium and right ventricle
left atrium and left ventricle
atria act as low pressure, collecting chambers
ventricles act as powerful pumps
septums
prevent oxygen-rich blood from mixing with oxygen-poor blood
interatrial septum separates right and left atria
interventricular septum separates right and left ventricles

8. The Four Chambers of the Heart
right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the venous system via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
right ventricle
pumps blood to the lungs
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
left ventricle
pumps blood through the aorta to the body

9. The Heart Valves permit blood to flow only in one direction
atrioventricular (AV) valves
located between atria and ventricles
when open, allow blood to flow from atria to ventricles
tricuspid
3 cusps (flaps)
located on the right side of the heart
bicuspid (mitral)
2 cusps (flaps)
located on the left side of the heart
chordae tendineae
attach cusps to papillary muscles to secure the AV valves in place

10. The Heart Valves semilunar valves
allow blood to flow from the ventricles to the lungs and the rest of the body
consist of 3 semilunar cusps
pulmonary valve
located on the right side of the heart at the opening of the pulmonary artery
aortic valve
located on the left side of the heart at the opening of the aorta

11. Blood Flow through the Heart

12. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
The collecting blood in the right atrium increases the pressure against the tricuspid valve, causing the valve to open
After the right ventricle fills passively with blood, the right atrium contracts, forcing the remaining blood into the right ventricle
Right ventricle contracts – increasing pressure causes the tricuspid valve to close and the pulmonary valve to open forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated

13. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via
the pulmonary veins
Blood collecting in the left atrium increases the
pressure in the chamber, forcing the mitral valve
open
After the left ventricle fills passively with blood,
the left atrium contracts which forces the
remaining blood into the left ventricle
The left ventricle contracts – increasing pressure
causes the mitral valve to close and the aortic
valve to open
The oxygenated blood travels through the aorta and to all parts of the
body

14. heart diagram
heart animation

15. Walls of the Heart pericardium fluid-filled sac 3 layers
fibrous pericardium
outer wall that anchors the heart to surrounding structures
parietal pericardium
epicardium
parietal pericardium and epicardium are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity

16. The Heart 3 layers epicardium myocardium endocardium
also the innermost layer of the pericardium
outermost layer of the heart
surface contains the coronary arteries
myocardium
middle layer that makes up about 2/3rds of the heart muscle
“workhorse” of the heart
endocardium
innermost layer
lines the interior of the heart chambers and covers the valves pf the heart
helps blood flow smoothly through the heart

18. Cardiac Cycle 2 phases – contraction and relaxation
diastole
4 chambers undergo period of relaxation
chambers fill with blood
2nd number of blood pressure reading
systole
period of contraction
chambers are pumping blood out of the heart
1st number of blood pressure reading
1 cardiac cycle is 0.81 seconds in duration
2/3rds of the cardiac cycle is spent in diastole, 1/3rd is spent in systole

19. Cardiac Cycle lub-dub sound of heart
“lub” produced by the closing of the AV valves
“dub” produced by the closing of the semilunar valves
an additional sound may indicate a heart murmur when the valves don’t close properly

20. Cardiac Output cardiac output stroke volume
amount of blood pumped from the heart per minute (liters/minute)
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped from the heart per beat (mL/beat)

21. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: tricuspid, thoracic cavity, ventricle, aortic.
1. atrioventricular valve
2. semilunar valve
3. location of heart
4. heart chamber

22. Blood Flow through the Heart
(1) deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the inferior and superior vena cavae to right atrium
(2) right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle
(3) right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery
(4) blood exits to the lungs

23. Blood Flow through the Heart (continued)
(5) oxygenated blood from lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
(6) left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the mitral valve to the left ventricle
(7) left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve
(8) blood passes to the aorta
(9) blood travels out to parts of the body

24. Blood Flow through the Heart

25. Walls of the Heart epicardium myocardium endocardium outermost layer
middle layer
endocardium
inner layer

26. Cardiac Cycle diastole systole mean arterial pressure
ventricle relax, atria contract
systole
ventricles contract, atria relax
mean arterial pressure
overall pressure within cardiovascular system

27. Cardiac Output
amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute measured in liters/minute
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped in 1 beat
heart rate
number of beats per minute

28. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. The ventricles contract in diastole.
2. Stroke volume is measured in beats/minute.
3. The epicardium is the inner heart layer.
4. Deoxygenated blood enters the left atrium.
5. The aortic valve is in the left ventricle.

29. Regulation of the Heart
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.2
Regulation of the Heart

30. Regulation of the Heart
internal control of the heart
sinoatrial node (SA node)
also called the pacemaker
located at the top of the right atrium
sends out an electrical impulse that tells the heart to beat at a rate of between 60 and 100 bpm

31. Regulation of the Heart
external control
cardiac center
located in the medulla oblongata
consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
sympathetic stimulation
increases the heart rate
affected by emotions and physical activity
parasympathetic stimulation
decreases the heart rate
dominant when you are at rest
releases acetylcholine to decrease heart rate

33. Regulation of the Heart
External control (cont’d)
endocrine system
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase heart rate
thyroid gland
releases thyroxine to increase heart rate

34. The Conduction System
SA node sends the electrical impulse to the left atrium and to the atrioventricular node (AV node).
The electrical impulse is delayed briefly at the AV node.
The impulse travels down the left bundle branches and right bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers in both the left and right ventricles.
The Purkinje fibers stimulate the ventricles to contract
Heart Diagram
Conduction Animation

35. The Conduction System

36. Electrocardiogram ECG or EKG electrical activity of the heart
when the atria and ventricles contract = depolarize
when the atria and ventricles relax = repolarize

37. Electrocardiogram Electrical Event Mechanical Event ECG Recording
SA node fires
Atria contract
P wave
Impulse travels to Purkinje fibers
Ventricles contract
QRS complex
Ventricles relax
Atria and ventricles fill
T wave

38. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: parasympathetic, EKG, SA node, sympathetic.
1. speed up
2. slow down
3. pacemaker
4. electrical activity of the heart

39. Cardiac Arrhythmias normal contractility condition
sinus rhythm
abnormal contractility condition
arrhythmia
ventricle or atria contraction is not normal

40. Cardiac Arrhythmias bradycardia tachycardia
slow heart beat
tachycardia
fast heart beat
premature atrial contraction (PACs)
atria contracts before SA node

41. Cardiac Arrhythmias atrial fibrillation
atria contract faster than 350 bpm
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
ventricles contract too soon
ventricular tachycardia (VT)
ventricles, rather than SA node, cause beat

42. Cardiac Arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation (VF) heart block
ventricles contract faster than 350 bpm
heart block
impulse from SA node to AV node
first–impulse delayed
second–intermittently blocked
third–completely blocked

43. Defibrillators and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias
automatic external defibrillator (AED)
electric shock
stops heart
allows heart to start normal rhythm
anyone can use one

44. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia, or Defibrillator.
1. _______________ is fast heart beat.
2. _______________ is slow heart beat.
3. _______________ is atria beating more than 350 bpm.
4. A(n) _______________ stops the heart so it can reset.

45. Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.3
Blood Vessels and Circulation

46. Blood Vessels and Circulation
blood vessels: the transport network
circulation: moving blood around the body
taking vital signs
know your numbers

47. Blood Vessels: The Transport Network
structure and function of vessels

48. The Three Layers of Blood Vessels
tunica intima
innermost layer
tunica media
middle layer
tunica externa
outermost layer

49. Differences between Arteries and Veins

50. Capillaries exchange vessels capillary bed precapillary sphincters
gas moves between tissue and blood
capillary bed
network of exchange vessels
precapillary sphincters
close off capillary bed as needed

51. Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body
cardiopulmonary circulation
between heart and lungs
systemic circulation
between heart and body

52. Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body

53. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. Systemic circulation moves blood to lungs.
2. Capillaries are exchange vessels.
3. The tunica intima is the innermost layer.
4. Arteries move blood away from the heart.
5. Veins move blood toward the heart.

54. Cardiac Circulation
coronary arteries
left
right
coronary sinus

55. Hepatic Portal Circulation
maintains proper levels in the blood
carbohydrate
fat
protein

56. Arteries

57. Veins

58. Fetal Circulation placenta vena cava right atrium foramen ovale
right ventricle
ductus arteriosus

59. Taking Vital Signs taking your pulse measuring blood pressure
find radial, carotid or brachial artery
count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4
measuring blood pressure
stethoscope, sphygmomanometer
systolic/diastolic pressure
Joseph Dilag/Shutterstock.com, Ilya Andriyanov/Shutterstock.com

60. Know Your Numbers weight blood pressure cholesterol
body mass index–weight to height
blood pressure
systolic/diastolic–110/70 mmHg
cholesterol
LDLs and HDLs

61. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: foramen ovule, cholesterol, pulse, blood pressure.
1. systolic/diastolic
2. fetal circulation
3. LDLs and HDLs
4. carotid artery

62. Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.4
Heart Disease

63. Heart Disease valve abnormalities diseases ending in -itis
heart failure
diseases of the arteries

64. Heart Disease heart attack hypertension peripheral vascular disease
stroke

65. Valve Abnormalities heart murmurs valvular stenosis
valves do not close properly
valvular stenosis
narrowed, stiff heart valve
mitral valve prolapse
mitral valve does not fully close
palpitations

66. Diseases Ending in -itis
pericarditis
inflammation of heart sac
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle
endocarditis
inflammation of heart lining and valves

67. Heart Failure heart cannot pump blood fluid backs up in lungs liver
limbs
gastrointestinal tract

68. Diseases of the Arteries
aneurysms
weakened artery bulges, may break
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis
angina pectoris
ischemia

69. Heart Attack myocardial infarction treatment
plaque blocks a cardiac artery
treatment
aspirin as soon as symptoms appear
20–60 minute window for treatment

70. Heart Attack

71. Heart Disease hypertension peripheral vascular disease stroke
blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
peripheral vascular disease
lack of circulation in legs
stroke
blockage of brain blood flow
ischemic stroke
hemorrhagic stroke
transient ischemic attack (TIA)

72. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Hypertension is 120/80 mmHg.
2. Aspirin helps in a heart attack.
3. An aneurysm is a weakened artery.
4. Myocarditis affects the heart wall.
5. In a heart murmur the valves do not close properly.