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Chapter Three “The Growth of a Young Nation
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Chapter Three objectives
analyze the Jefferson Era, the Age of Jackson, manifest destiny, the market revolution, and various reform movements during the first half of the 19th century
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Chapter Three Overview
In the first half of the 1800s, the United States grows – adding land and people. The economy grows throughout the nation, but the different regions develop varied ways of life and attitudes.
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Chapter Three Chapters in Brief answers
Why did Americans fight the British in 1812? > Britain and France threatened American merchant ships > British seized sailors from American ships and forced them to join the British navy > British helped Native Americans who fought settlers in the West
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Chapter Three Chapters in Brief answers
What three conflicts occurred during the administration of President Jackson? > Indian removal / the new tariff / national bank What events led to the growth of the United States in 1840? > the agreement with Britain over Oregon > the annexation of Texas > the treaty ending the Mexican-American War
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Chapter Three Chapters in Brief Answers
What reform movements did women participate in during the early 1800s? > women worked for abolition, temperance, improved education, and women’s rights
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Chapter Three – Section One The Jeffersonian Era
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Chapters In Brief Thomas Jefferson won a close and bitter election in 1800 to become president. Jefferson wanted to make the federal government smaller. At the same time, the Supreme Court acted to increase its power. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the opinion in a critical decision, Marbury v. Madison. This established the principle of judicial review, which granted the Supreme Court authority to decide whether a law was allowed by the Constitution. Jefferson expanded American territory. He bought the vast Louisiana Territory from France. The land stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. The purchase doubled the size of the United States. Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and Clark to explore this territory
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Chapters In Brief During Jefferson’s two terms as president, Britain and France fought a war. Both sides threatened American merchant ships. The British also seized sailors from American ships an forced them to join the British navy. In addition, the British helped Native Americans who fought settlers in the West. Anger against Britain rose. Finally in 1812, Congress declared war on Great Britain. In 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the war but created no clear winner. The war had important results, though. The Federalist party died out. The war also led Americans to develop their own industries. Finally, it showed that the United States was truly independent of Britain.
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Chapters In Brief Americans felt strong national pride in the years after the War of The nation obtained Florida from Spain. In 1823, President James Monroe warned European nations not to interfere with any nation in the Americas. This foreign policy statement became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
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Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams in the
election of 1800 for the presidency tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr decided in the House of Representatives Jeffersonian Republicanism – theory of government 1. people should control the government 2. simple government best suited people’s needs
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Thomas Jefferson 1803 case Marbury v. Madison sets up the idea of judicial review Judicial Review: the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional ** Marbury vs. Madison was a ground breaking court case because it established the policy of judicial review **
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Thomas Jefferson The Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon Bonaparte abandoned his ideas of an American empire in 1803 Napoleon offered to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States Thomas Jefferson purchased it at a price of $15 million (extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains)
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The Louisiana purchase
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The war of 1812 James Monroe takes office in 1808 War of 1812 renewed fighting between Britain and France threatened American shipping America focused anger on Britain due to impressments Impressment: practice of seizing Americans at sea and “impressing” or drafting them into the British navy War ensued in 1812 and ended on Christmas Eve 1814 = Americans lost
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** Three Important Consequences **
War of 1812 ** Three Important Consequences ** ended the Federalist Party encouraged growth of American industries to manufacture products no longer available from Britain because of the war reasserting of American independence - confirmed that the United States as a free and independent nation
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Star spangled banner on September 14, 1814, U.S. soldiers at Baltimore’s Fort McHenry raised a huge American flag to celebrate a crucial victory over British forces during the War of 1812 the sight of those “broad stripes and bright stars” inspired Francis Scott Key to write a song that eventually became the United States national anthem
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Oh, say can you see?
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James Monroe established the Monroe Doctrine policy
Monroe Doctrine: European countries should not interfere in affairs of the Western Hemisphere
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Chapter Three – Section Two The Age of Jackson
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Chapters In Brief The New England and Middle Atlantic states began to develop new industries. In the Northwest Territory, farmers thrived. In the South, farmers raised cotton. As the demand for cotton grew, slavery spread in the South. Meanwhile, Northern states gradually abolished slavery. Henry Clay tried to unite the sections with a plan for economic development called the American System. A tariff on imported goods helped American industries grow. The creation of a national bank made a national currency available. The nation built new canals and roads making it easier to move people and goods across the country.
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Chapters In Brief Leaders debated whether new states should allow slavery or not. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 seemed to settle the issue by allowing slavery in the Louisiana Territory south of the ’ north latitude line. In 1828, Andrew Jackson became president. His presidential style made him very popular with common people. This popularity became important as the right to vote was expanded to include more people. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced Native Americans out of the Southeast. The Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional. Jackson defied the Court, which could not enforce its ruling. The Cherokees were the last to move west.
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Chapters In Brief Southern leaders opposed tariffs (taxes on imported goods passed by Congress in 1832). South Carolina passed a law declaring the tariff null and void in that state. Jackson threatened to send the army to enforce federal law. A compromise prevented violence, but tensions remained. Another conflict emerged over the national bank. Jackson won, and the bank went out of existence. This contributed to an economic collapse that hit the nation in Americans began to speak of manifest destiny – the belief that the United States was meant to expand from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. People moved west in search of economic opportunity. Meanwhile, the U.S. government made treaties with Native Americans that it did not honor.
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Chapters In Brief Trails brought traders to New Mexico and settlers to Oregon. Thousands of Mormons moved to Utah. In 1846, Britain agreed to give its share of the Oregon country to the United States. The Mexican government invited Americans to settle in Texas, which was then a part of Mexico. Tension grew between the settlers and the Mexican government. In 1836, Texas won its independence. After nine years as an independent republic, Texas entered the Union in 1845.
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Chapters In Brief Some Americans wanted to annex Mexico’s northern regions. But Mexico refused to sell the land. Finally, President James K. Polk persuaded Congress to declare war on Mexico, starting the Mexican-American War. The United States won the war, and through a peace treaty the United States gained all of present-day California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and parts of three other states. Soon after the war ended, gold was discovered in California. Thousands of people streamed west in the gold rush, hoping to make their fortune.
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Regional Economies Early 19th Century Northeast = industrialized
manufacturing, textile or fabric, mills South and West = agricultural cotton gin (Eli Whitney) need for more field labor expansion of slavery
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Nationalism vs. Sectionalism
Henry Clay (House Speaker) created the Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise: a series of agreements passed by Congress to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states
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The age of Andrew jackson
elected into office in 1828 Jacksonian Democracy: American political philosophy that the government should listen to and follow the will of all the people, not just the wealthy people
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The age of Andrew jackson
as part of this philosophy, Jackson sought to give common people a chance to participate in government; he did this through the spoils system Spoils System: common practice by Jackson of awarding high level jobs to political supporters
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The age of Andrew jackson
in 1830, Congress and the support of Jackson, passed the Indian Removal Act Indian Removal Act: law signed by Jackson because white settlers wanted more land for cotton production Indian Removal Act / Trail of Tears (7:05)
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The age of Andrew jackson
created the Trail of Tears where U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them into camps to await the journey west
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Jacksonian Democrat ** A Jacksonian Democrat would believe:
1. every man has the right to vote 2. land west should be taken from the Indians 3. government jobs should be given to political supporters **
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The age of Andrew jackson
** westward expansion resulted in an increase in bitterness and threatened national unity due to slavery ** with much travel westward, the belief of Manifest Destiny arose
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Manifest destiny ** Manifest Destiny: America has a clear destiny to be better than every other country because of its noble ideals of liberty and equality **
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION Explain how the Louisiana Purchase affected the United States. Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet
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Chapter Three objectives
analyze the Jefferson Era, the Age of Jackson, manifest destiny, the market revolution, and various reform movements during the first half of the 19th century
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