1. Foreign Direct Investment
Unit 3
Foreign Direct Investment

2. Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in a business by an investor from another country for which the foreign investor has control over the company purchased.
The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines control as owning 10% or more of the business.
Businesses that make foreign direct investments are often called multinational corporations (MNCs) or multinational enterprises (MNEs).
An MNE may make a direct investment by creating a new foreign enterprise, which is called a greenfield investment, or by the acquisition of a foreign firm, either called an acquisition or brownfield investment.

3. Advantages of FDI Access to markets Access to resources
Reduces cost of production
FDI offers a source of external capital
development of new industries
learning is an indirect advantage for foreign countries

4. Steps Taken by Government to Promote FDI
The Indian Government has taken a number of steps to show its willingness to allow more foreign direct investment in the country.
In the infrastructure development sector, it has relaxed the norms pertaining to area restriction.
If companies are ready to commit 30 percent of their investments for affordable housing, then the rules for minimum capitalization and area restriction will be waived off.

5. Steps Taken by Government to Promote FDI
Foreign portfolio investment
Foreign venture capital investment
Foreign institutional investment
Non-resident investment
Qualified foreign investment

6. Why Countries Seek FDI ?
Domestic capital is inadequate for purpose of economic growth;
Foreign capital is usually essential, at least as a temporary measure, during the period when the capital market is in the process of development;
Foreign capital usually brings it with other scarce productive factors like technical know how,  business expertise and knowledge

7. What are the major benefits of FDI
Improves forex position of the country;
Employment generation and increase in production ;
Help in capital formation by bringing fresh capital;
Helps in transfer of new technologies, management skills, intellectual property
Increases competition within the local market and this brings higher efficiencies
Helps in increasing exports;
Increases tax revenues

8. Disadvantages of FDI :
Domestic companies fear that they may lose their ownership to overseas company
Small enterprises fear that they may not be able to compete with world class large companies and may ultimately be edged out of business;
Large giants of the world try to monopolise and take over the highly profitable sectors;
Such foreign companies invest more in machinery and intellectual property than in wages of the local people;
Government has less control over the functioning of such companies as they usually work as wholly owned subsidiary of an overseas company;

9.  Scope of FDI in India 
India is the 3rd largest economy of the world in terms of purchasing power parity and thus looks attractive to the world for FDI.  
Government of India,  has been trying hard to do away with the FDI caps for majority of the sectors, but there are still critical areas like retailing and insurance where there is lot of opposition from local Indians / Indian companies.

10. Major economic sectors where India
Telecommunications
Apparels
Information Technology
Pharma
Auto parts
Jewelry
Chemicals

11. Sectors where FDI is NOT allowed in India
Atomic Energy
Lottery Business
Gambling and Betting
Business of Chit Fund
Nidhi Company
Agricultural (excluding Floriculture, Horticulture, Development of seeds, Animal Husbandry, Pisciculture and cultivation of vegetables, mushrooms, etc. under controlled conditions and services related to agro and allied sectors) and Plantations activities (other than Tea Plantations)
Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDRs).
Manufacture of cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco or of tobacco substitutes.