1. Exploration

2. Zheng He What were China’s Maritime accomplishments prior to 1450?
Who is Zheng He? What is the Star Fleet?
Why did the Ming Government end maritime exploration?

3. The Santa Maria

5. Ideas to Explore. . . (no pun intended)
What were the motives for European Expansion?
What technological changes enable expansion?
Why were Portugal and Spain the early leaders of European Expansion?

6. Major Themes of Chapter 23
Desire to explore
Technology of exploration
Joint-Stock companies and their rising power
Russia and the land based gunpowder empires
Columbian Exchange and its world altering changes

7. Status Quo circa 1450 Chinese Economy is a dominant world power
Indian Ocean trade network is the most important in the world
Silk Roads trek the most valuable items on earth
The Byzantine Empire is on the brink of collapse to the Ottoman Turks
England and France are locked in a century old war

8. Status Quo circa 1450
Crusades had linked wealthy Europeans to spices from Asian markets and the Byzantine collapse shifted these trade routes. (think of oil)
Educated people knew the near exact circumference of the earth for years!*
The assumption was that there was one major body of water rapped around the ‘back’ of the globe!

9. Ptolemaic Map

10. What technological changes enable expansion?
Stern Rudder
Latitudinal Maps, why no longitude?
Triangular Lateen Sail
Magnetic Compass
Astrolabe
Cross Staff and Back Staff
Volto do Mar
Rudders and Star Charts

12. Reasons for Exploration
Could Iraq (war torn), Chad (impoverished), or Bangladesh (unstable) in this year be able to mount a space program?
Then what are the pre-conditions for exploration?
Relative Peace
Prosperity (wealthy investors)
Skilled and educated workers
Organizing tax-collecting government

13. NASA Apply the four pre-conditions to the NASA Space Program.
First country on Mars?
Expense, technological expertise, education, willingness to take risks, and a large factor of the ‘unknown’

14. Portugal Needed land suitable for cultivating cash crops
Needed to establish new trade routes outside of the Muslim control of Asian Markets
Desire to expand the influence of Christianity
EFFECT: Island and east Atlantic Plantations are colonized

15. Portugal
The need to find a direct route to Asia was all consuming (remember think oil).
What factors drove the prices of precious goods up?
Collapse of Mongol and Byzantine Empires, spread of Bubonic Plague
With the Collapse, how could Asian goods get to European Markets?

16. Effect of Exploration
What is the major effect of the explorations of Portuguese and Spanish?

17. Break into a small group and rank the three most impacting trade items in each direction and why.

18. <-Cacafuego?

20. BEIC

21. VOC

22. Second Wave Magellan and the Pacific
Spain, Mexico and the Philippines and the Manila Galleons
England and the Northwest Passage
James Cook, last of the great explorers, great site cartographer

25. Trading Posts
‘Footholds’ into trading regions where there is a lack of military resources and human numbers to impose rule in eastern and western hemispheres
Afonzo d’Alboquerque, forced merchant ships to dock and trade at fortified ports.

26. Major Trading Posts Melaka Batavia Cape Town Bombay Calcutta Macau
Nagasaki
Mozambique

27. Russia Spread two directions: Central Asia and Northeastern Eurasia
Siberia and the importance of Fur. How can Fur be a trade item?
Russian frontiersmen
Spread of Eastern Orthodoxy a failure