1. A Rapidly Changing World
The Modern Era Emerges 11
A Rapidly Changing World
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1700s. 
It was a time when people used machinery and new methods to increase productivity, or the measure of how much work can be done in a certain period of time. 
Great Britain had a ready supply of natural resources, plentiful raw materials, and a good supply of human resources, or people to work.
(pages 314–315)
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2. A Rapidly Changing World (cont.)
The Modern Era Emerges 11
A Rapidly Changing World (cont.)
Textiles, or woven cloth, was the first major industry moved to factories. 
Weaving cloth had previously been a cottage industry. 
The inventions of the steam engine and the railroad stimulated even more industries and growth.
(pages 314–315)
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3. The Modern Era Emerges 11
Changing Lifestyles
At first, industrial workers, including women and children, had to work hard for long hours, often under dangerous conditions. 
Eventually, the workers formed groups called unions, which spoke for all the workers in a factory or industry and bargained for better conditions.
(page 315)
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4. Changing Lifestyles (cont.)
The Modern Era Emerges 11
Changing Lifestyles (cont.)
If factory owners ignored their demands, workers often went on strike. 
The Industrial Revolution resulted in better living conditions for people and stronger economies for countries.
(page 315)
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5. Rivalry Between Nations
The Modern Era Emerges 11
Rivalry Between Nations
Industrialization created rivalries between the countries of Europe. 
Under a system called imperialism, European countries claimed colonies in Africa and Asia in the late 1800s. 
World War I, which broke out in Europe in 1914, used techniques learned in the Industrial Revolution to design and mass produce machines for war. 
The war was more violent than any before it.
(pages 316–317)
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6. Rivalry Between Nations (cont.)
The Modern Era Emerges 11
Rivalry Between Nations (cont.)
As a result of the war, many once-strong countries became weak. 
The United States and Japan became great powers. 
In 1917 a revolution in Russia led to a new political, economic, and social system called communism.
(pages 316–317)
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7. Rivalry Between Nations (cont.)
The Modern Era Emerges 11
Rivalry Between Nations (cont.)
In the 1930s, a worldwide depression and the problems that were not solved after World War I led to World War II. 
During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis carried out the Holocaust, in which over 12 million people were killed, primarily because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or beliefs. 
This crime is called genocide. 
From the global conflict of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers.
(pages 316–317)
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9. A Divided Continent 11
The Cold War
The global competition between the democratic United States and its allies and the Communist Soviet Union and its supporters came to be called the Cold War. 
The Cold War was a dangerous time because both sides had nuclear weapons. 
Under the Marshall Plan, the United States lent money to help rebuild Europe and try to stop the spread of communism.
(pages 319–320)
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10. Western Europe Cooperates
A Divided Continent 11
Western Europe Cooperates
In 1948, under the Truman Doctrine, the United States offered military aid to countries such as Greece and Turkey, that were fighting communism inside their borders. 
In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to respond to possible attacks by the Soviet Union. 
Each member of NATO agreed to treat an attack on any other member as an attack on itself.
(pages 320–321)
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11. Western Europe Cooperates (cont.)
A Divided Continent 11
Western Europe Cooperates (cont.)
This policy is known as deterrence. 
In 1948 the small countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg joined together to form the Benelux trade union, an arrangement for the free movement of money, goods, and people among these nations. 
The Benelux countries were later joined by West Germany, France, and Italy to form the European Economic Community (or Common Market).
(pages 320–321)
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12. Western Europe Cooperates (cont.)
A Divided Continent 11
Western Europe Cooperates (cont.)
Other countries joined this organization, which is now known as the European Union.
(pages 320–321)

13. Soviets Control Eastern Europe
A Divided Continent 11
Soviets Control Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union made satellite nations of those countries bordering it. 
Satellite nations are dependent upon a stronger power. 
The satellite nations of the Soviet Union were Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and East Germany, which all became communist and members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECOM).
(page 321)
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14. Soviets Control Eastern Europe (cont.)
A Divided Continent 11
Soviets Control Eastern Europe (cont.)
In 1955 the Soviet Union formed its satellites into an anti-Western military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact.
(page 321)

15. A Divided Continent 11
A Clash in Berlin
After World War II, the Allies divided Germany, including the capital city of Berlin, into four occupation zones. 
The blockading, or closing off, of all land and water traffic into Berlin by the Soviet Union in 1948 was the most important area of tension during the early days of the Cold War. 
In response to the blockade, the United States and Great Britain began an airlift, or a system of carrying supplies into Berlin by airplane.
(pages 321–322)
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16. A Clash in Berlin (cont.)
A Divided Continent 11
A Clash in Berlin (cont.)
Two separate German governments were set up—a democratic one for West Germany with Bonn as its new capital, and a communist one for East Germany with its capital in the Soviet zone of East Berlin. 
In order to stop people from leaving communist East Berlin, the East German government built a wall between East and West Berlin and guarded it with Soviet soldiers.
(pages 321–322)
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17. Freedom for Eastern Europe
A Divided Continent 11
Freedom for Eastern Europe
The economies of the Soviet Union and its satellites fell further and further behind the United States and Western Europe. 
In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms to stimulate the Soviet economy. 
He loosened government control over the Soviet people and satellites.
(pages 322–323)
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18. Freedom for Eastern Europe (cont.)
A Divided Continent 11
Freedom for Eastern Europe (cont.)
The Eastern Europe satellites moved toward freedom from Soviet domination. 
Poland was the first satellite to successfully challenge communist rule. 
As a result of protests, the Berlin Wall came down in 
On December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union broke up into Russia and a number of other independent republics.
(pages 322–323)
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20. Moving Toward Unity 11
The New Europe
As a result of cooperation, Europe is becoming more of an economic power in the world. 
Some Europeans would like to see the European Union (EU) become a United States of Europe that would include all European countries. 
In January 2002 most of the EU’s members began using a common currency, the Euro, to replace their national currencies.
(pages 324–326)
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21. Moving Toward Unity 11
The New Europe (cont.)
This means that citizens of countries in the EU are all using the same type of money to buy goods and services. 
European countries also cooperate in science and technology. 
They have created the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) to establish standards for the use of nuclear energy.
(pages 324–326)
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22. Moving Toward Unity 11
The New Europe (cont.)
In recent years, eastern European countries have joined NATO. 
NATO is moving beyond its original role as a protector from communist states to a peacekeeper.
(pages 324–326)
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23. Facing the Region’s Challenges
Moving Toward Unity 11
Facing the Region’s Challenges
A number of problems Europeans are trying to solve include the income gap between the rich and poor nations of Europe, and the increasing food and health needs of existing populations. 
Another important challenge for Europe comes from environmental problems, including air pollution and the pollution of major rivers such as the Rhine.
(page 326)
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