1. The Bourbon Triumvirate
Reconstruction ended in 1870
Many felt it was time to REDEEM the South
REDEEM - To Change for the Better

2. The Bourbon Triumvirate
Bourbon = Referred to the powerful French ruling class
Triumvirate = 3
3 Powerful Leaders of our state

3. The Bourbon Triumvirate
Group of three powerful Democrats:
Joseph E. Brown
Alfred H. Colquitt
John B. Gordon

5. The Bourbon Triumvirate
Each were key figures of the Civil War
Rotated as governor and U.S. Senator from the 1870s to 1890s
Several common interests

6. The Bourbon Triumvirate
Wanted to develop railroads and mining
More industry in the South
Insisted on low taxes
Believed in White Supremacy

7. The Bourbon Triumvirate
Fewer Services provided by the gov.
Restore the Democrats to power

8. The Bourbon Triumvirate
Two Major Goals:
Encourage business and industry in Georgia
Build a New South that was economically powerful

9. Joseph E. Brown 1849 - Elected to the Georgia General Assembly
Became a state judge
elected governor of Georgia

10. Alfred H. Colquitt 1853 - elected to U.S. House of Representative
Served in Georgia General Assembly
Strongly supported secession

11. Alfred H. Colquitt 1861 - Elected to the Georgia Secession Convention
Joined the Confederate Army
Distinguished military career

12. Alfred H. Colquitt After the war: Elected governor of Georgia twice
Elected to the U.S. Senate twice

13. John B. Gordon Fought for the Confederates in the Civil War
Outspoken opponent of Reconstruction
Leader of the Georgia chapter of the KKK

14. The Bourbon Triumvirate group of three (Brown, Colquitt, Gordon)—wanted to strengthen economic ties with the North, while keeping white supremacy—considered old Southern traditions
Successes
State taxes lowered
State war debts reduced
Business and industry expanded
Failures
Did not improve lives of poor
Education suffered
Did not reform prisons
Poor working conditions in factories

15. Henry Grady Born in Athens, GA Promoted the “New South”
Managing editor of the Atlanta Journal Constitution

16. Henry Grady Used the newspaper to promote his views
Wanted to industrialize the South
Wanted to diversify agriculture

17. Henry Grady Tried to lobby northern investors to send financial aid
Brought the International Cotton Expositions to Atlanta
Help create GA Tech

18. Henry Grady Grady had his critics:
Georgia’s farmers - Too much focus on industry
Elected officials of other cities - bias in favor of Atlanta

19. Henry Grady Identified as the “Spokesman of the New South”
Dead at age 39

20. Henry Grady Grady County Grady Hospital
University of Georgia’s Grady School of Journalism

21. The International Cotton Exposition Atlanta, GA
Atlanta hosted three International Cotton Expositions
Promote growth of industry
In 1881, 1885, and 1895
Similar to a World’s Fairs

22. The International Cotton Exposition Atlanta, GA
Rebuilding of Atlanta
Tried to lure northern businesses to the south
Heavily promoted by Henry Grady

23. The International Cotton Exposition Atlanta, GA
Promote industry and diversification of crops in the South
Events were effective
Displayed Atlanta’s “rise from the ashes”
Atl the leading city of the South

24. Tom Watson & the Populists
Popular and controversial
Supported the farmers = against the growth of industry in the South
Concerned for the African American farmer

25. Tom Watson & the Populists
Elected to the Georgia General Assembly
Public education for all Georgians

26. Tom Watson & the Populists
Angry with the policies of the New South
Resigned before the end of his term
adopted policies of the Farmers Alliance/Populist Party

27. Tom Watson & the Populists
Pushed lower taxes for the poor farmer
Elected to the U.S. Congress
In Congress, helped to pass the Rural Free Delivery Act (RFD)

28. Tom Watson & the Populists
lost his reelection bid to Congress
Both races strongly supported him
Populist or “People’s Party” picked him to run for vice-president

29. Tom Watson & the Populists
Ran for president in 1904 and 1908
Populists did not receive many votes
Returned to Georgia to run in state and local races

30. Watson runs for President
Candidate for the Populist Party (People’s Party)

31. Tom Watson & the Populists
changed his progressive views toward race
Became an aggressive white supremacist
Targeted African-Americans, Catholics and Jews

32. Tom Watson & the Populists
Ran his own newspaper/magazine, The Jeffersonian
Used it to express his political, social, and economic viewpoints
It was popular in the South and even in northern cities such as New York

33. Jim Crow Laws African-Americans = many rights in the 1870s
White Democrats = ways to take them away
Jim Crow laws were created to discriminate

34. Jim Crow Laws
Named after a fictional (fake) black ministerial character
Took away most of the citizenship rights of African-Americans

35. Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws blocked educational, economic, and social growth and opportunities for most Southerners, both black and white.

36. Jim Crow Laws Blacks could not vote or serve on juries
Denied many basic rights of a US citizen
SEGREGATION (Separation of the races) became acceptable

37. Jim Crow Laws Segregation included: Separate schools
public transportation
water fountains and bathrooms
graveyards and Bibles used to swear on in courts

38. Jim Crow Laws
Interracial marriage between the races was strictly forbidden
Lynching was used in largely rural areas to enforce the social order of segregation
From , 482 African-Americans were lynched in Georgia, second only to Mississippi.

39. Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
June 7, Louisiana
Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in the “Whites Only” section of a railcar
It was a planned protest

40. Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
He was 1/8th black and “could pass for white”
Identified himself as a black man
Wanted to challenge Louisiana’s segregation laws

41. Homer Plessy He was 1/8th black and “could pass for white”
However he identified himself as a black man

42. Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
Case went to Supreme Court
Court ruled against Plessy
Known as “separate but equal” law

43. Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
The court’s ruling stated:
14th and 15th Amendments gave blacks political rights BUT
No social rights
“As long as facilities were equal for both races they could be separate.”

44. Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
Southern states, including Georgia, separated all aspects of life
Separate theaters/movie houses
Separate rail and streetcars
Separate bathrooms

45. Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT “EQUAL”
Facilities -definitely separate but they were not equal
Average white school in the state spent about $43 dollars per student
$10 per student in all black schools.

46. → Denying the Right to Vote
Disenfranchisement
→ Denying the Right to Vote

47. Disenfranchisement Examples of Disenfranchisement:
Poll Taxes (1877) - Taxes on voting
Most poor blacks and many poor whites could not pay
Tax waived for poor whites

48. Disenfranchisement

49. Disenfranchisement The White Primary (1900):
The White Primary did not allow African-Americans to vote in the all- important primary elections

50. Disenfranchisement Literacy Tests (1908) Most blacks = no education
Many could not read or write
MUST pass these tests in order to vote

51. Disenfranchisement Some whites were “passed” by polling officials
Many educated blacks “failed the test” and were unable to vote Didn’t really fail, told they did...

52. Disenfranchisement
A Harvard educated man in Mississippi was given the literacy test in English, German, and French. He passed all three.
Finally he was given a test in Mandarin Chinese. When asked, “what does this say” the man said in disgust, “It says you do not want me to vote.”

53. Disenfranchisement The Grandfather Clause (1890-1910)
Used to allow some poor white citizens the opportunity to vote
Still denied the right to blacks

54. Disenfranchisement Laws said: If your father could vote or
Grandfather fought in the Civil War they could vote

55. Racial Violence New South = Racial Violence
Example - The Atlanta Race Riot
Example lynchings were carried out from

56. Racial Violence Lynchings were done by the KKK
The Klan members were judges, policemen, ministers, and other community leaders

57. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot 48-Hour Riot (September 22-24)
Caused by a series of local newspaper articles
They claimed black men were attacking white women

58. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot Articles = not true
Real reason - whites upset about competition for their jobs
From blacks

59. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot
Whites also claimed the black upper class was getting too far ahead
Whites were jealous of successful black business leaders (Alonzo Herndon)
Georgia governor’s candidates based their campaigns on white supremacy (Hoke Smith and Clarke Howell)

60. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot
The morning of the riot - Four articles published about assaults on white women
Group of mostly unemployed white men and boys gathered in downtown Atlanta
They wanted revenge - not knowing they were all false attacks

61. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot City officials tried to calm the mob
Men began attacking any black that they saw
Went into the black businesses - killing and beating black men to death

62. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot Georgia militia was called in
Black began to arm themselves and fought off their attackers
Fights continued to break out all the next day

63. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot
Riot caused unwanted negative national and international attention
Atlanta business leaders, both black and white came together to end the riot
The long-term effect of the riot was deeper segregation

64. Booker T. Washington Born a slave in Virginia
Educator, author, orator, and political activist
After emancipation, moved to West Virginia

65. Booker T. Washington
Attended two colleges (Hampton University and Virginia Union University)
Went back to Hampton as a teacher

66. Booker T. Washington Head of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Received financial support from many northern business leaders and politicians

67. Booker T. Washington Leader in the African-American community
Support network of black ministers, teachers, civil, and business leaders

68. Booker T. Washington Told blacks to work hard and accept where you are
Accept what they had before gaining full civil rights
He was criticized by individuals and groups for these ideals

69. Booker T. Washington
Atlanta Compromise speech at International Cotton Expo
Ideas of cooperation and the “going slow” approach
“Dignify and Glorify Common Labor” - Be happy with what you have, civil rights will come

70. W.E.B. DuBois W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)
Originally supported many of Washington’s beliefs
“fight for your civil rights”
Against Washington’s accepting approach

71. W.E.B. DuBois Developed the concept of “the talented tenth”
Elite group of college educated African- Americans
Use their talents to help end segregation

72. W.E.B. DuBois Graduated from Fisk in 1888
Received a Master’s degree from Harvard University in 1891
Earned a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1896

73. W.E.B. DuBois
Helped create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

74. W.E.B. DuBois
Became an important figure in the early Civil Rights Movement
NAACP pushed his plan for immediate social and political rights for all African-Americans

75. Alonzo Herndon 1878 - left Social Circle with $11 dollars
Learned the barbering trade in Senoia, GA
Started his own barber shop in Jonesboro

76. Alonzo Herndon Moved to Atlanta
Hired as a barber and became a partner in the business
Opened three barber shops

77. Alonzo Herndon “The best barber shop in the South”
Hung crystal chandeliers with gold fixtures - The Crystal Palace
Herndon’s barber shop became the first choice of Atlanta’s white business and political leaders

78. Alonzo Herndon Began to invest in real estate.
Acquired over 100 homes and a large commercial block of real estate on Auburn Avenue

79. Alonzo Herndon Founded the Atlanta Mutual Life Insurance Company
Offered insurance coverage to African-Americans
Hired college educated African- Americans to work

80. Alonzo Herndon Known for running a fair and equitable business
1920s - company changed its name to the Atlanta Mutual Life Insurance
Today - Atlanta Life Financial Group is worth over 100 million dollars
Constantly ranked as one of the top black owned financial companies

81. Alonzo Herndon Also active in social and political organizations
One of the 29 businessmen to help organize the Niagara Movement (NAACP)
Supported the YMCA, Atlanta University, and Diana Pace orphanages

82. The Leo Frank Case April 26, 1913
Mary Phagan (13) went to National Pencil Factory
She was going to collect her pay check

83. The ליאו פרנק Case Paid by Leo Frank She never returned home
Later that evening, her body was found in the basement of the factory

84. The ליאו פרנק Case Public demanded justice 3 suspects in the case
Night watchmen who found the body (Newt Lee)
Jim Conley - the factory’s janitor
The manager - Leo Frank who was Jewish

85. Jim Conley Factory Janitor Accused Killer of Mary Phagan

86. Newt Lee Night Watchman, Newt Lee Found the body of Mary Phagan

87. The ליאו פרנק Case Evidence existed that helped and hurt Frank
Jury believed Jim Conley’s 4 different accounts that it was Frank
Frank = convicted - sentenced to death
(Anti-semitism)

88. The ליאו פרנק Case
Many Jewish groups from both the North and South began funding Frank’s court appeals
Tom Watson began a campaign against Frank and Northern Jews in his newspaper and magazine
After several appeals, Frank did not receive a pardon

89. The ליאו פרנק Case
Conley’s lawyer, William Smith, began to change his mind
Convinced Governor John Slaton to reopen the case
Gov. Slaton- not enough evidence
Didn’t allow death sentence of Leo Frank

90. The ליאו פרנק Case The public was outraged
Slaton was nervous and called out militia
Had been very popular, now had to secretly move from GA

91. The ליאו פרנק Case Public feared Frank would eventually be released
Elite community members of Marietta drove to Milledgeville where Frank was being held
They walked in and removed Frank

92. The ליאו פרנק Case They drove him back up to Marietta
They called themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan”
They lynched him

93. The ליאו פרנק Case Residents posed for photographs next to his body
These photos were sold as souvenirs

94. Flash forward around 70 years
The ליאו פרנק Case
Flash forward around 70 years
Leo Frank in the news.
( 1982 )

95. The ליאו פרנק Case
Georgia State Board of Pardons finally pardoned Leo Frank
What does this mean?