1. Introduction to Cooperative Learning
EDTE 408
Principles of Teaching

2. Six Key Elements To Cooperative Learning
Teams
Will to Cooperate
Cooperative Management
Skill to Cooperate
Four Basic Principles
Cooperative Structures

3. Concept 1: Teams What is a cooperative team?
Strong, positive team identity
Four members
Endures over time
Heterogeneous

4. Concept 1: Teams How are teams formed? Variety of methods
Friendships or interests
Random teams
Teacher assigns students to teams
Heterogeneous - maximize the probability of peer tutoring and improving cross-race and cross-sex relations

5. Concept 1: Teams What is the best way to form teams?
Teacher assignment teams
Can be held together for a long time
Students form a strong team identity
Teams learn to learn together

6. Concept 1: Teams What are some problems with other methods?
Random: The luck of the draw can put four low achievers on the same team
Friends Choose: Classroom management problems, leaving someone out

7. Concept 1: Teams How big should teams be? Four members per team
Allows pairs work
Teams of more than four do not lend themselves to enough participation and they are harder to manage

8. Concept 2: Will to Cooperate
Three ways in which the will to cooperate is created and maintained:
Teambuilding
Classbuilding
Use of cooperative task and reward structures, including recognition systems

9. Concept 2: Will to Cooperate
Teambuilding and Classbuilding
Activities for team and classbuilding provide unique learning experiences not afforded by traditional exclusive emphasis on academic content
Found in workplace - should be in classrooms too

10. Concept 2: Will to Cooperate
Task and Reward Structures
PAT
Cooperative Task Structures - A Group Product
Grading problems?
Improvement Scoring
Team Scores as a recognition system, not a report card

11. Concept 3: Cooperative Management
Room Arrangement
Quiet Signal
Teacher and Student Modeling
Manageable Noise Level
Efficient Distribution of Materials
Class Rules and Procedures

12. Concept 4: Skill to Cooperate
Developing Social Skills
Modeling
Defining
Role-playing

13. Concept 5: Basic Principles
Four Basic Principles to Cooperative Learning
Positive Interdependence
Individual Accountability
Equal Participation
Simultaneous Interaction

14. Concept 5: Basic Principles
Simultaneous Interaction
Distribute Supplies: Materials Monitor from each team distributes materials to teammates
Discuss Topic: All students discuss views in pairs
Form Teams: Students simultaneously look for names on tables
Share Answers: All students engage in choral response
Receive Help: Students ask a teammate and receive immediate help

15. Concept 5: Basic Principles
Positive Interdependence
Weak Forms:
The success of each team member is likely to contribute to success of others
The success of teams is likely to be facilitated by success of individual members
Intermediate Forms:
The success of each team member contributes to success of all teammates, but a team member could succeed on own
The success of a team is facilitated by the success of each member, but team could succeed without success or contribution of every member

16. Concept 5: Basic Principles
Positive Interdependence
Strong Forms:
The success of every team member is not possible without success/contributions of each
The success of a team is not possible without success or contribution of each member

17. Concept 5: Basic Principles
Individual Accountability
Students can be made individually accountable by having each student receive a grade on his/her portion of the team project
Each student responsible for a unique portion of a team learning product
Whatever the form of individual accountability, the contribution of each individual is made known to the team

18. Cooperative Learning Strategies:
Kagan’s Simple
Cooperative Learning Strategies:
Teacher Tools to Construct Learning

19. Cooperative Structures
Agreement Circles
Students stand in a large circle, then step to the center in proportion to their agreement with a statement by a student or teacher.

20. Cooperative Structures
Blind Sequencing
Students sequence all pieces without peeking at the pieces of teammates.

21. Cooperative Structures
Circle-the –Sage
Students who know, stand to become sages; teammates each gather around a different sage to learn.
Students return to teams to compare notes.

22. Cooperative Structures
Corners
Students pick a corner, write its number, go there, interact with others with same corner choice in a Rally Robin or Timed Pair Share.

23. Cooperative Structures
Fan-N-Pick
Played with higher-level thinking Q cards. #1 fans, #2 picks, #3 answers, #4 praises. Students then rotate roles.

24. Cooperative Structures
Find My Rule
The teacher places items in a frame (two boxes, Venn, on a line); students induce the role.
Two Box Induction
What’s My Line
Crack My Venn

25. Cooperative Structures
Find Someone Who
Students circulate, finding others who can contribute to their worksheet.
People Hunt: Students circulate, finding others who match their own characteristics.
Fact Bingo: Find someone who played on bingo worksheet.

26. Cooperative Structures
Find the Fib
Teammates try to determine which of three statements is a fib.
Fact or Fiction: Teammates try to determine if a statement is true or false.

27. Cooperative Structures
Flashcard Game
Flashcards in pairs, with rounds progressing from many to no clues

28. Cooperative Structures
Formations
Students stand together as a class to form shapes.

29. Cooperative Structures
Four “S” Brainstorming
Sultan of Silly, Synergy Guru, Sergeant Support, and the Speed Captain play their roles as they quickly generate many ideas which are recorded by Synergy Guru.
Think Pad Brainstorming: No roles. Students generate items on think pad slips, announcing them to teammates and placing them in the center of the table.

30. Cooperative Structures
Idea Spinner
Spin Captain “Shares an Idea” or “Quizzes a Pal” to Summarize, Evaluate, Explain, or Predict.

31. Cooperative Structures
Inside/Outside Circle
Students in concentric circles rotate to face a partner to answer the teacher’s questions or those of the partner.

32. Cooperative Structures
Jigsaw Problem Solving
Each teammate has part of the answer or a clue card; teammates must put their info together to solve the team problem.

33. Cooperative Structures
Line Ups
Students line up by characteristics, estimates, values, or assigned items.
Value Lines: Students line up as the agree or disagree with a value statement.
Folded & Split Line Ups: Students fold the Line Up or Split and Slide it to interact with someone with a different point of view, characteristic, or estimate.

34. Cooperative Structures
Lyrical Lessons
Students write and/or sing songs based on curriculum, often to familiar tunes

35. Cooperative Structures
Match Mine
Receivers arrange objects to match those of Senders whose objects are hidden by a barrier.
Draw-What-I-Say: Receiver draws what sender describes.
Build-What-I-Write: Receiver constructs what Sender has described in writing.

36. Cooperative Structures
Mix-Freeze-Group
Students rush to form groups of a specific size, hoping not to land in “lost and found.”

37. Cooperative Structures
Mix-Pair-Discuss
Students pair with classmates to discuss question posed by the teacher.

38. Cooperative Structures
Mix-N-Match
Students mix, then find partners with the matching card.
Snowball: Students toss crumpled papers over imaginary volleyball net, stop, pick up a snowball, then find the person with the matching “snowball.”

39. Cooperative Structures
Numbered Heads Together
Students huddle to make sure all can respond, a number is called, the student with that number responds.
Paired Heads Together: Students in pairs huddle to make sure they both can respond, an “A” or “B” is called, the student with that letter responds.

40. Cooperative Structures
One Stray
The teacher calls a number; students with that number “stray” to join another team, often to share.
Two Stray: Two students stray to another team, often to share and to listen.
Three stray: Three students stray to another team, often to listen to the one who stayed to explain a team project.

41. Cooperative Structures
Pairs Check
Students work first in pairs each doing a problem and receiving coaching and praise from their partner; then pairs check and celebrate after every two problems.

42. Cooperative Structures
Pairs Compare
Pairs generate ideas or answers, compare their answers with another pair, and then see if working together they can come up with additional responses neither pair alone had.

43. Cooperative Structures
Paraphrase Passport
Students can share their own ideas only after they accurately paraphrase the person who spoke before them.

44. Cooperative Structures
Partners
Pairs work to prepare a presentation, then present to the other pair in their team.

45. Cooperative Structures
Poems for Two Voices
Partners alternate reading “A” and “B” lines of a poem, and read “AB” lines together in unison.
Songs for Two Voices: Partners alternate singing “A” and “B” lines of a song, and sing “AB” lines together in unison.

46. Cooperative Structures
Q-Spinner
Students generate questions from one of 36 prompts produced by spinners.

47. Cooperative Structures
Rally Robin
Students in pairs take turns talking.
Rally Toss: Partners toss a ball (paper wad) while doing Rally Robin.

48. Cooperative Structures
Rally Table
Students in pairs take turns writing, drawing, pasting. (2 papers, 2 pencils per team)
Pass-N-Praise: Students in pairs take turns writing and hand their paper to the next person only after receiving praise.

49. Cooperative Structures
Reading Boards
Students manipulate game pieces relating to the song as they sing along.

50. Cooperative Structures
Rotating Review
Teams discuss topic; chart their thoughts; rotate to the next chart to discuss and chart their thoughts.
Rotating Feedback: Teams discuss, then chart their feedback to another team’s product; then rotate to do the same with the next team.

51. Cooperative Structures
Round Robin
Student in teams take turn talking
Turn Toss: Students toss a ball (paper wad) while doing Round Robin.
Think-Write-Round Robin: Students think, then write before the Round Robin.

52. Cooperative Structures
Round Table
Students in teams take turns writing, drawing, pasting. (1 paper, 1 pencil per team)
Rotating Recorder: Students take turns recording team responses.
Simultaneous Round Table: Round Table with more than one recording sheet passed at once. (4 papers, 4 pencils per team)

53. Cooperative Structures
Sages Share
Students Think Pad Brainstorm ideas, and each initial those ideas they can explain. Then students take turns interviewing the “sages” – those who can explain an idea they don’t understand.

54. Cooperative Structures
Same – Different
Students try to discover what’s the same and different in two pictures, but neither student can look at the picture of the other.

55. Cooperative Structures
Send-A-Problem
Teammates make problems which are sent around the class for other teams to solve.
Trade-A-Problem: Teammates make problems which are traded with another team to solve.

56. Cooperative Structures
Showdown
Teammates each write an answer, then there is a “showdown” as they show their answers to each other. Teammates verify answers.

57. Cooperative Structures
Similarity Groups
Students form groups based on a commonality.

58. Cooperative Structures
Spend-A-Buck
Each student has four quarters to spend on two, three, or four items. The item with the most quarters is the team choice.

59. Cooperative Structures
Spin-N-Think
Students follow a thinking trail (Read Q, Answer Q, Paraphrase & Praise, & Discuss). At each point on the trail a student is randomly selected to perform after all students have had think time.
Spin-N-Review: Students review questions by following a trail (Read Q, Answer Q, Check Answer, Praise or Help).

60. Cooperative Structures
Stir-the-Class
Teams stand in circle around room, huddle to discuss a question from the teacher, stand shoulder to shoulder when they have their answers, rotate to next team when their number is called to share their answer, and join the new team for next question.

61. Cooperative Structures
Talking Chips
Students place their chip in the center each time they talk; they cannot speak again until all chips are in the center and collected.
Gambit Chips: Like Talking Chips but chips contain gambits (things to say or do): For examples, Affirmation Chips contain praisers; Paraphrase Chips contain gambits for paraphrasing.
Response Mode Chips: Like Talking Chips but chips contain response modes: For examples, Summarizing, Giving an Idea, Praising an Idea.

62. Cooperative Structures
Team Chants
Teammates come up with words and phrases related to the content, then come up with a rhythmic chant often with snapping, stomping, tapping, and clapping.

63. Cooperative Structures
Team Interview
Students are interviewed, each in turn, by their teammates.

64. Cooperative Structures
Teammates Consult
For each of a series of questions, students place pens in cup, share and discuss their answers, and then pick up pens to write answer in own words.

65. Cooperative Structures
Team-Pair-Solo
Students solve problems first as a team, then as a pair, finally alone.

66. Cooperative Structures
Team Stand-N-Share
All teams stand. Teams share ideas and record ideas from other teams. Teams sit when all ideas are shared and continue to record until all teams sit.

67. Cooperative Structures
Team Statements
Students think, discuss in pairs, write an individual statement, Round Robin individual statements, and then work together to make a team statement they can all endorse more strongly than their individual statements.

68. Cooperative Structures
Team Word-Web
Students write the topic in the center, Round Table core concepts, then free-for-all supporting elements, and bridges. Students each use a different color pen or marker for individual accountability and to ensure equal participation.
Team Mind Map: Students draw and label the central image, brainstorm, draw, and label main ideas radiating out of the central image, and finally add details using colors, images, branches and key words.

69. Cooperative Structures
Telephone
One student leaves the room. The teacher teaches the remaining students. The absent student returns and is taught by teammates, and later takes a quiz.

70. Cooperative Structures
Think-Pair-Share
Students think about their response to a question, discuss answers in pairs, and then share their own or partner’s answer with the class.
Think-Pair-Square: Same except students share their answers with teammates rather than with the class.

71. Cooperative Structures
Three-Pair-Share
Students share on a topic three times, once with each of their teammates.

72. Cooperative Structures
Three-Step Interview
Students share with a partner, the partner shares with them, and then they Round Robin share their partner’s response with the other teammates.

73. Cooperative Structures
Timed Pair Share
Students share with a partner for a predetermined amount of time and then the partner shares with them for the same amount of time.

74. Cooperative Structures
Who Am I?
Students attempt to determine their secret identity (taped on their back) by circulating and asking “yes/no” questions of classmates. They are allowed three questions per classmate (or unlimited questions until they receive a no response). They then find a new classmate to question. When the student guesses his/her identify, he/she becomes a consultant to give clues to those who have not yet found their identity.

75. Cooperative Structures: Effective Instruction
Phase 1: Focus
Agreement Circles; Corners; Find My Rule; Four S Brainstorming; Line Ups; Mix-Pair-Discuss; Q-Spinner; Rally Robin; Rally Table; Round Robin; Round Table; Similarity Groups; Talking Chips; Team Interview; Think-Pair Share/Square; Three-Step Interview.

76. Cooperative Structures: Effective Instruction
Phase 2: Construction
Circle the Sage; Partners; Round Robin; Round Table; Sages Share; Team-Pair-Solo; Team Stand-N-Share; Telephone; Draw What I say; Fan-N-Pick; Find Someone Who; Find the Fib; Flashcard Game; Idea Spinner; Inside/Outside Circle; Jigsaw Problem Solving; Line Ups; Match Mine; Mix-Freeze-Group; Mix-N-Match; Numbered Heads Together; Pairs Check; Pairs Compare; Poems & Songs for Two Voices; Rally Robin; Rally Table; Reading Boards; Rotating Review; Round Robin; Round Table; Send-A-Problem; Showdown; Spin-N-Review; Stir-The-Class; Teammates Consult; Team-Pair-Solo; Team Word-Web;Telephone.

77. Cooperative Structures: Effective Instruction
Phase 3: Assessment
Blind Sequencing; Match Mine; Same-Different; Agreement Circles; Corners; Fan-N-Pick; Idea Spinner; Inside/Outside Circle; Lyrical Lessons; Mix-Pair-Discuss;Paraphrase Passport; Rotating Review; Round Robin; Round Table; Similarity Groups; Spin-N-Think Talking Chips; Team Interview; Team Statements; Team Word-Web; Think-Pair-Share/Square; Three-Step Interview; Timed Pair Share.