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TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING
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TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING
SECOND EDITION TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING John Langan © Townsend Press
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Chapter 6 INFERENCES
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Inferences are ideas that are not stated directly.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences are ideas that are not stated directly. They are conclusions we draw based on things we see, hear, and read. See page 227 in textbook Conclusions See Hear Read
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Which inference is most logically based on the information suggested by this cartoon? A. The dog requires more than one leash to keep it securely tied to the parking meter. See page 227 in textbook ANSWER: B The next two slides show and explain the answer. B. The dog has eaten the other dogs tied up at the parking meter.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences A. The dog requires more than one leash to keep it securely tied to the parking meter. See pages 227 and 228 in textbook 3 B. The dog has eaten the other dogs tied up at the parking meter. Three leashes are in the mouth of this big, hostile-looking dog. This is a logical inference.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences A. The dog requires more than one leash to keep it securely tied to the parking meter. 7 The owner has used only one leash to tie the dog to the parking meter. The other leashes are in the dog’s mouth. This is not a logical inference. See pages 227 and 228 in textbook 3 B. The dog has eaten the other dogs tied up at the parking meter. Three other leashes are in the mouth of this big, hostile-looking dog. This is a logical inference.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Which inference is most logically based on the information suggested by this cartoon? C. The dog is ordinarily a friendly dog. See pages 227 and 228 in textbook ANSWER: D The next two slides show and explain the answer. D. The dog is waiting for its owner to return.
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3 C. The dog is ordinarily a friendly dog.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences C. The dog is ordinarily a friendly dog. See pages 227 and 228 in textbook 3 D. The dog is waiting for its owner to return. It is a reasonable inference that the owner who tied up the dog will return—and will be in for a surprise!
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3 C. The dog is ordinarily a friendly dog. 7
CHAPTER 6 Inferences C. The dog is ordinarily a friendly dog. 7 It may or may not ordinarily be a friendly dog, but it doesn’t look friendly here, and it obviously has not been friendly to other dogs. See pages 227 and 228 in textbook 3 D. The dog is waiting for its owner to return. It is a reasonable inference that the owner who tied up the dog will return—and will be in for a surprise!
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• Making inferences • Drawing conclusions
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Discovering the ideas in writing that are not stated directly is called • Making inferences or See page 227 in textbook • Drawing conclusions
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In reading, we make logical leaps from information stated directly
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading In reading, we make logical leaps from information stated directly to ideas that are not stated directly. See page 228 in textbook Information Stated Directly Ideas Not Stated Directly
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading To make inferences, we use all the clues provided by the writer, our own experience, and logic. Clues Provided Experience Logic Inference See page 228 in textbook
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading You have already practiced making inferences in the chapter on implied main ideas. See page 228 in textbook
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading See page 228 in textbook There we made an inference when we figured out that the implied point of this cartoon is that the newlyweds’ marriage has broken down, just like their car.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading In the chapter on implied main ideas, you used the evidence in selections to figure out main ideas that were implied rather than stated directly. See page 228 in textbook
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Inferences in Short Passages
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading Inferences in Short Passages See page 228 in textbook
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Read this passage and think about the inferences Twain makes.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Short Passages Read this passage and think about the inferences Twain makes. Mark Twain said: “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.” See page 229 in textbook
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Which inference is logically based on the information provided?
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Short Passages Which inference is logically based on the information provided? Mark Twain said: “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.” A. Teenagers tend to think they know it all and that adults do not. See page 229 in textbook ANSWER: A The next two slides show and explain the answer. B. Even old people are capable of learning a great deal.
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Twain’s observation is a humorous statement of this truth.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Short Passages Mark Twain said: “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.” 3 A. Teenagers tend to think they know it all and that adults do not. Experience tells us that teenagers often think they know more than their parents’ generation. Twain’s observation is a humorous statement of this truth. See page 229 in textbook B. Even old people are capable of learning a great deal.
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Which inference is logically based on the information provided?
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Short Passages Which inference is logically based on the information provided? Mark Twain said: “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.” 3 A. Teenagers tend to think they know it all and that adults do not. See page 229 in textbook 7 B. Even old people are capable of learning a great deal. Twain was 14 when he thought his father was ignorant. At 21 he is astonished at the “old man’s” learning. These are clues that it is Twain who has changed, not his father. But statement B says the opposite—that it was the father who changed. Therefore, this is not a logical inference.
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Inferences in Paragraphs
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading Inferences in Paragraphs See page 231 in textbook
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Read this passage and think about the inferences it suggests.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Paragraphs Read this passage and think about the inferences it suggests. Suppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See page 231 in textbook
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Which inference is logically based on the information provided?
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Paragraphs Which inference is logically based on the information provided? Suppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See page 231 in textbook ANSWER: A The next four slides show and explain the answer. A. The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking. B. The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
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The author presents statistics showing the harmful effects of smoking.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Paragraphs Suppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See pages 231 and 232 in textbook A. The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking. The author presents statistics showing the harmful effects of smoking. B. The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Paragraphs Suppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See pages 231 and 232 in textbook A. The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking. Life experience tells us that few people like to think about the negative consequences of their behavior. B. The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Paragraphs Suppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See pages 231 and 232 in textbook 3 A. The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking. This is a logical inference. B. The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Inferences in Paragraphs Suppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See pages 231 and 232 in textbook 3 A. The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking. There is nothing in the passage to indicate that fewer Americans will smoke in the future. 7 B. The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future. This is not a logical inference.
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Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading 1 Never lose sight of the available information. For instance, in the passage about the risks of smoking, we are told that most Americans would refuse to fly if they knew that jets were to be hijacked. have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See page 232 in textbook
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1 Never lose sight of the available information.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading 1 Never lose sight of the available information. For instance, in the passage about the risks of smoking, we are told that most Americans would refuse to fly if they knew that jets were to be hijacked. But that many Americans continue to risk their lives despite the known dangers of smoking. have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See page 232 in textbook
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1 Never lose sight of the available information.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading 1 Never lose sight of the available information. On the basis of those facts, we would not conclude that fewer Americans will smoke in the future. have decided to stay open for business. Do you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing each and every day—leaving no survivors. Who in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed? Yet that is the risk that smokers take. See page 232 in textbook
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BackgroundInformationand Experience
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading 1 Never lose sight of the available information. 2 Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences. BackgroundInformationand Experience See page 232 in textbook Available Information Inference
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1 Never lose sight of the available information.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading 1 Never lose sight of the available information. 2 Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences. Experience People don’t like to dwell on the negative consequences of their behavior. See page 232 in textbook For instance, life experience tells us that people don’t like to dwell on the negative consequences of their behavior.
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1 Never lose sight of the available information.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading 1 Never lose sight of the available information. 2 Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences. Experience People don’t like to dwell on the negative consequences of their behavior. See page 232 in textbook Available Information be silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the The increased risk of death is a negative consequence of choosing to smoke.
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1 Never lose sight of the available information.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading 1 Never lose sight of the available information. 2 Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences. Experience People don’t like to dwell on the negative consequences of their behavior. See page 232 in textbook Available Information be silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the American smokers don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking. Inference
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1 Never lose sight of the available information.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Reading / Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading 1 Never lose sight of the available information. 2 Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences. 3 Consider the alternatives. See pages 232 and 233 in textbook Don’t simply accept the first inference that comes to mind. Instead, consider all of the facts of a case and all the possible explanations.
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Inferences in Literature
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Literature Inferences are very important in reading literature. Writers of factual material usually state directly much of what they mean Factual Material Point directly stated Creative writers, however, often provide verbal pictures that show what they mean. See page 237 in textbook Creative Material Point must be inferred
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A nonfiction writer might write:
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Literature A nonfiction writer might write: It would be really hard to feel the pain that others feel. It is better not to know. Compare the nonfiction version with this passage from George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch: If we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel’s heart beat, and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence. As it is, we walk about well wadded with stupidity. See page 237 in textbook
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Eliot uses vivid images.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Literature These vivid images help us infer a profound human truth—that behind the surface we often carry around a great deal of pain. We protect ourselves with ignorance and stupidity so that we will not die from experiencing the pain of others. Eliot uses vivid images. If we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel’s heart beat, and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence. As it is, we walk about well wadded with stupidity. See page 237 in textbook
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The two most common figures of speech are similes and metaphors.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Literature A Note on Figures of Speech Creative writers often use comparisons known as figures of speech to imply their meanings. The two most common figures of speech are similes and metaphors. See page 237 in textbook
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A simile is a comparison introduced with like, as, or as if.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Literature / Figures of Speech Simile A simile is a comparison introduced with like, as, or as if. Can you identify the simile in this cartoon? See page 237 in textbook ANSWER: eyes are like two supper dishes The next animation shows the answer. Snoopy writes about a pair of beautiful eyes that they are “like two supper dishes”!
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In the quotation from Middlemarch, George Eliot uses two similes.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Literature / Figures of Speech Simile In the quotation from Middlemarch, George Eliot uses two similes. If we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel’s heart beat…. See page 238 in textbook
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A metaphor is an implied comparison, with like, as, or as if omitted.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Literature / Figures of Speech Metaphor A metaphor is an implied comparison, with like, as, or as if omitted. The 23rd Psalm in the Bible is the source of some of the world’s best-known metaphors, including: The Lord is my shepherd. See page 238 in textbook The comparison suggests that God is like a shepherd who looks after his sheep.
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Here are some other metaphors:
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Literature / Figures of Speech Metaphor Here are some other metaphors: • The movie was a bomb. • Her disapproval was an ice pick to my heart. • To people searching for information, the Internet is a vast candy store of facts. See page 238 in textbook
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Inferences in Tables and Graphs
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs At the beginning of this presentation, you made inferences about a picture—this cartoon of the dog: See page 242 in textbook Other “pictures” that require inferences are tables and graphs.
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Tables and graphs combine words with visual representations.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs Tables and graphs combine words with visual representations. See page 242 in textbook To infer the ideas presented in tables and graphs, you must consider all the information presented.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs Steps in Reading a Table or Graph See page 242 in textbook Following a few simple steps will help you find and make sense of the information in a table or graph.
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Inferences in Tables and Graphs / Steps in Reading a Table or Graph
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs / Steps in Reading a Table or Graph See pages 242 and 243 in textbook
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It will tell you what the table or graph is showing in general.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs / Steps in Reading a Table or Graph See pages 242 and 243 in textbook 1 Read the title. It will tell you what the table or graph is showing in general.
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What is the title of this graph?
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs / Steps in Reading a Table or Graph See pages 242 and 243 in textbook ANSWER: Stages of Sleep The next animation shows the answer. 1 Read the title. What is the title of this graph?
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs / Steps in Reading a Table or Graph See pages 242 and 243 in textbook 2 Check the source. At the bottom of a table or graph, you will usually find the source of the information, an indication of the reliability of its material.
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What is the source of this graph?
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs / Steps in Reading a Table or Graph See pages 242 and 243 in textbook ANSWER: Dianne Hales, An Invitation to Health, 11th ed. The next animation shows the answer. 2 Check the source. What is the source of this graph?
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3 Read any labels or captions at the top, the side, or underneath.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs / Steps in Reading a Table or Graph See pages 242 and 243 in textbook 3 Read any labels or captions at the top, the side, or underneath. These tell exactly what each column, line, bar, number, or other item represents.
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3 Read any labels or captions at the top, the side, or underneath.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs / Steps in Reading a Table or Graph Label 5 Label 1 Label 2 Label 3 Label 4 See pages 242 and 243 in textbook 3 Read any labels or captions at the top, the side, or underneath. This graph has five labels.
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A. Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs See pages 243 and 244 in textbook ANSWER: A The next three slides show and explain the answer. Based on the information in the graph, which statement is a logical inference? A. Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle. B. Our REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs at about the same time as our deepest sleep.
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3 A. Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs See pages 243 and 244 in textbook 3 A. Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle. The graph shows that we are in our deepest sleep in the first three hours or so. Statement A is a logical inference. B. Our REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs at about the same time as our deepest sleep.
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3 A. Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs See pages 243 and 244 in textbook 3 A. Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle. Our REM sleep occurs in the second part of our sleep cycle, but our deepest sleep occurs in the first part. 7 B. Our REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs at about the same time as our deepest sleep. Statement B is not a logical inference.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences Inferences in Tables and Graphs See pages 243 and 244 in textbook Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle. Again, we have made a leap from information presented directly to an idea that is not presented directly.
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CHAPTER 6 Inferences See page 246 in textbook
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