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What we have Learned from the RHIC d+Au Program M. J

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1 What we have Learned from the RHIC d+Au Program M. J
What we have Learned from the RHIC d+Au Program M.J. Leitch, LANL Workshop on Investigation of Glue and the Physics & Prospects of the EIC DNP/JPS Mtg., Hawaii, 13 October 2009 Cold Nuclear Matter (CNM): Central Physics Questions What we have learned so far & Goals for the future RGPb Q2 = 1.69 GeV2 EPS08 EPS09 nDS EKS98 HKN07 x 9/18/2018 MJL

2 Saturation of Small-x Gluons or Shadowing
NSAC Milestone: DM8 – “Determine gluon densities at low x in cold nuclei via p + Au or d + Au collisions.“ RGPb Q2 = 1.69 GeV2 EPS08 EPS09 nDS EKS98 HKN07 x Leading twist gluon shadowing, e.g.: EPS09 - phenomenological fit to DIS & DY data with large uncertainties, Eskola, Paukkunen, Salgado, arXiv: Also coherence models & higher-twist (HT) shadowing, e.g. Vitev Small-x gluon saturation or Color Glass Condensate (CGC) At low-x there are so many gluons that 2 1 diagrams become important and deplete the low-x region Nuclear amplification: xAG(xA) = A1/3xpG(xp), i.e. gluon density is ~6x higher in Gold than the nucleon Iancu and Venugopalan hep-ph/ 9/18/2018 MJL

3 Energy Loss of Partons in Nuclei
Related to NSAC Milestone: DM12 – “Measure production rates, high pT spectra, and correlations in heavy-ion collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV for identified hadrons with heavy flavor valence quarks to constrain the mechanism for parton energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma.” And what about energy loss in cold nuclear matter? E866/NuSea, 800 GeV, J/Ψ p+W / p+Be ratio R(A/p) R=1 xF R(W/Be) shadowing only Hermine K. Wöhri No absorption With energy loss xF x1’ = x1 (1 – eg)(Ncoll – 1) Initial-state energy loss eq ~ 1.5% and eg = 9/4 eq ~ 3.3% 9/18/2018 MJL

4 Cronin Effect in p(d)+A Collisions
Cronin effect, or pT broadening from soft initial-state pre-hard-interaction scatterings PRL 91 (2003) h± π0 P.B Straub,PRL 68, 452(1992) PHENIX π+ π- PRL 84, 3256 (2000) |y|< 0.35 K+ K- |y|< 0.5 p pbar 27 GeV 38 GeV 9/18/2018 MJL

5 Jets – CNM Energy Loss & Jet Modification
9/18/2018 MJL

6 Jets – CNM Energy Loss & Jet Modification
Confirmation of the Cold Nuclear Matter (CNM) baseline from d+Au was essential for the jet quenching “discovery” in heavy-ion collisions Large energy loss in QGP medium is poorly understood – consistent description of quenching, flow, light and heavy quarks is complex Jet correlations unmodified in d+Au but strongly modified in A+A – another (even more complex) story π0 h± 9/18/2018 MJL

7 Jets – CNM Energy Loss & Jet Modification
S.Bass et al in arXiv: Large energy loss observed in QGP medium, but complex to understand – radiative, collisional energy loss, etc. Need to measure & understand CNM energy loss as part of this puzzle Drell-Yan measurements at FNAL will measure incident-state quark energy loss (E906/SeaQuest) PHENIX Au+Au π0 qhat0 =4.1(AMY) , 2.3(HT), 10(ASW) GeV2/fm (no collisional dE/dx included here) √s = 15 GeV p+A Drell-Yan E906/SeaQuest (will run in 2010) collisional radiative Djordjevic nucl-th/ dE/dx of light-quark jets in finite QCD medium 9/18/2018 MJL

8 Hadrons and Correlations with Hadrons at Forward Rapidity
9/18/2018 MJL

9 Forward Rapidity Hadrons in d+Au
Forward rapidity hadrons are suppressed in d+Au small-x shadowing region understanding in terms of pQCD effects or gluon saturation? (or are they equivalent?) PHENIX 1.4<<2.2 h± PRL 94, (2005) 30-50% 0-20% h- at =3.2 BRAHMS PRL 93 (2004) Kharzeev, Kovchegov, Tuchin, PLB 599 (2004) 23-31 RCP Vitev et al. PRD 74, (2006) & private comm. Cronin CGC model + HT shadowing +dE/dx 9/18/2018 MJL

10 PT is balanced by many gluons
Rapidity-Separated Hadron Pairs in d+Au Mono-jets in the gluon saturation (CGC) picture give suppression of pairs per trigger and some broadening of correlation Kharzeev, NPA 748, 727 (2005) PT is balanced by many gluons Dilute parton system (deuteron) Dense gluon field (Au) Tag on forward particle, look at pairs by adding mid-rapidity particle no substantial suppression or broadening of correlation wrt p+p (within present uncertainties) no evidence for mono-jets (so far) STAR – preliminary (QM09) d+Au-> π0+π0+X Δϕ pTFMS > 2 GeV/c pTEMS > 1 GeV/c pTFMS > 2.5 GeV/c pTEMS > 1.5 GeV/c ΔdAu-pp = 0.09 ± 0.04 ΔdAu-pp = 0.19 ± 0.03 2 < pTtrig < 5 GeV/c 1 < pTtrig < 2 GeV/c PHENIX % STAR/FMS: Slightly more broadening for (slightly) higher pT PHENIX: No suppression or broadening nucl-ex/ 9/18/2018 MJL

11 Outlook - Forward Hadrons in d+Au
Hadrons are suppressed at forward rapidity but it is difficult to distinguish traditional or QCD coherence shadowing from gluon saturation (CGC) Mono-jets are a more unique signature of saturation, but no clear evidence seen so far Forward calorimeters in both PHENIX(MPC, FOCAL) & STAR (FMS) promise improved measurements soon PHENIX MPC STAR FMS PHENIX FOCAL 9/18/2018 MJL

12 Heavy Quarks at Forward Rapidity
9/18/2018 MJL

13 Heavy quarks in Cold Nuclear Matter?
Prompt muons from open charm & beauty: unaltered at mid-rapidity suppressed at forward rapidity (in small-x shadowing region) enhanced at backward rapidity y = 1.6 PHENIX Preliminary y=0 y = -1.6 9/18/2018 MJL

14 Outlook - Forward Heavy Quarks in d+Au
Robust measurement of open-heavy at forward rapidity contrasted with complementary measurements at mid-rapidity using vertex detector upgrades - VTX/FVTX (PHENIX), HFT (STAR) Charm & beauty via semi-leptonic decays, with separation via detached vertices Exclusive measurements of beauty with B  J/Ψ Access to modified gluon structure functions in nuclei Separation of initial-state gluon energy loss using measurements at multiple energies (like E906) c-cbar correlations via e- measurements VTX/FVTX (PHENIX) HFT (STAR) p+p 9/18/2018 MJL

15 Quarkonia – J/Ψ, Ψ’, C, ’s
9/18/2018 MJL

16  J/ CNM Physics – PHENIX, E866, NA3 Comparison
Suppression not universal vs x2 as expected for shadowing RGPb Q2 = 1.69 GeV2 EPS08 EPS09 nDS EKS98 HKN07 J/  for different s collisions E866 p+A & lower-energy NA3 at CERN PRC 77,024912(2008) Closer to scaling with xF or rapidity initial-state gluon energy loss? 200 GeV 200 GeV Energy loss of incident gluon shifts effective xF and produces nuclear suppression which increases with xF 19 GeV 19 GeV or gluon saturation? 39 GeV 39 GeV Gluon saturation from non-linear gluon interactions for the high density at small x; amplified in a nucleus. = X1 – X2 (x2 is x in the nucleus) low x high x Scaling of E886 vs PHENIX better vs ycm 9/18/2018 MJL

17 Comparing Open & Closed Charm Isolating Initial-state Effects
E866/NuSea 800 GeV p+A Open-charm p+A nuclear dependence (single- pT > 1 GeV/c) – very similar to that of J/Ψ: implies that dominant effects are in the initial state e.g. dE/dx, Cronin (since shadowing disfavored by lack of x2 scaling) weaker open-charm suppression at y=0 attributed to lack of absorption for open charm Need to follow this example at RHIC in d+Au collisions Will be enabled by Vertex detector upgrades 9/18/2018 MJL

18 CNM Constraints from d+Au on A+A data
RAA EKS shadowing + dissociation from fits to d+Au data (using R. Vogt theoretical calcs.) PRC 77, (2008) & Erratum: arXiv: Au+Au mid-rapidity small-x (shadowing region) RAA RdAu d+Au Update to Erratum plots Au+Au forward-rapidity 9/18/2018 MJL

19 New CNM Constraints from d+Au on A+A data
New CNM fits using 2008 PHENIX d+Au Rcp - (Tony Frawley, Ramona Vogt, …) similar to before, use models with shadowing & absorption/breakup but allow effective breakup cross section to vary with rapidity to obtain good description of data large effective breakup cross section at large positive rapidity - initial-state dE/dx? EKS shadowing PHENIX Preliminary Initial d+Au J/Ψ update from new 2008 data (~30x 2003) 9/18/2018 MJL

20 New CNM Constraints from d+Au on A+A data
Example of Comparison of Anomalous Suppression of RHIC & SPS in A+A Collisions (QGP) after dividing out d(p)+A baselines Caution - Many systematic uncertainties on relative (SPS vs RHIC) energy density scales: Use tau*energy density scale but is tau same or different between SPS & RHIC energy? 9/18/2018 MJL

21 Upsilons (1S+2S+3S) in d+Au
p+p STAR (H. Liu) QM09 Just beginning to explore Upsilons at RHIC enabled by increasing luminosities Known to have strong CNM effects from FNAL measurements 9/18/2018 MJL

22 Outlook – Quarkonia in d+Au
Increased accuracy of J/Ψ measurements via higher statistics and continuing efforts to beat down systematics Adding other pieces of the J/Ψ puzzle Ψ’ at forward rapidity separated via FVTX C with calorimeters + dileptons Complementary open-charm measurements to separate initial-state and final-state effects Better p+p measurements to clarify configuration of the c-cbar or b-bbar states that travel through CNM Increased luminosity for more useful yields of rarest states, e.g. the Upsilon 9/18/2018 MJL

23 Photons & Gamma-jet – Probing the Gluon Structure Function at Small-x
9/18/2018 MJL

24 Initial State with Direct Photons
Isospin, Cronin, shadowing, dE/dx Vitev, nucl-th/ v1 (data all PHENIX preliminary) Au+Au photons have some modification at higher pT, but may be just CNM effects – i.e. Cronin & neutron vs proton (isospin/charge) effects – need d+Au direct photon measurement! 9/18/2018 MJL

25 Outlook – Direct Photons in d+Au
Direct photon measurements at forward rapidity with forward calorimeters contrasted with same at mid-rapidity Gamma-jet measurements to access nuclear modifications of the gluon structure functions p direct photon jet q g FOCAL 9/18/2018 MJL

26 Other Physics at Forward Rapidity
(not covered here) Ultra-peripheral A+A collisions quarkonia – nuclear gluons at small-x via electromagnetic probe arXiv: 141 b-1 Au+Au Drell-Yan probe of anti-quark sea distributions at small-x need vertex detectors to suppress backgrounds Ratio(W/Be) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 Drell-Yan at FNAL E866 R(W/Be) E772 R(W/D) X2 PRL 83, 2304 (1999) (hep-ex/ ) E866/NuSea 9/18/2018 MJL

27 Extending Gluon Saturation & Energy Loss Studies to EIC
(a few comments) Gluon distributions in Nuclei DIS with wide x coverage & large luminosity , , J/Ψ production on nuclei spatial dependence of distributions Forward  production (DVCS) Diffractive interactions with (colorless) multi-gluon virtual excitations (Pomerons) Energy loss & hadronization in CNM DIS hadron & heavy-quark production Electron in e+A is clean well understood probe But d+Au is direct gluon probe, e+A is not Synergism between e+A and RHIC/LHC Initial conditions for QGP - Small-x gluons? Glasma? Energy loss & hadronization – CNM vs hot-dense matter - consistent theoretical picture? 9/18/2018 MJL

28 Summary x How are gluons modified (saturated) at small-x in a nucleus?
what picture do we work with – pQCD or CGC? How do gluons and quarks lose energy in nuclear matter? Use forward calorimeter to look for mono-jets Robust measurements of charm & beauty to pin down heavy-quark energy loss and shadowing lower energy runs to help separate these? Measure all the quarkonia with complementary open-heavy via increased luminosity & upgrade detectors Access gluon structure function modification at small-x via gamma-jet using forward calorimeters RGPb Q2 = 1.69 GeV2 EPS08 EPS09 nDS EKS98 HKN07 x p direct photon jet q g 9/18/2018 MJL

29 Backup Slides 9/18/2018 MJL

30 Other Physics that may Play a Role
Sudakov suppression (energy conservation) Intrinsic charm Kopeliovich et al, PRC 72, (2005) Vogt, Brodsky, Hoyer, NP B360, 67 (1991) no I.C. with I.C. E772 J/Ψs nucl-ex/ Limiting fragmentation 9/18/2018 MJL

31 E866/NuSea Open Charm Measurement
target  dump target beam 2.34 m dump  hadronic cocktail explains ~30% of target & <5% of dump ’s as expected since dump absorbs light hadrons before they can decay charm decays consistent between Cu target and Cu dump use same method for Be to get nuclear dependence Target Dump charm ~ 2.3 hadrons charm ~ 19 hadrons data hadrons charm E866/NuSea 800 GeV p+A S. Klinksiek thesis - hep-ex_ paper in preparation 9/18/2018 MJL

32 Anomalous Suppression vs dNch/d
9/18/2018 MJL

33 Upsilons Suppressed in Au+Au, what about d+Au
Z. Conesa del Valle, C. Silva,… – QM09 Upsilons from Run8 d+Au? (online spectrum) +- ±± No d+Au measurement at forward rapidity yet, but… Includes 1S+2S+3S 9/18/2018 MJL

34 Broadening smaller for correlations of higher-pT π0’s
STAR/FMS QM09 Results p+p-> π0+π0+X d+Au-> π0+π0+X Δϕ lower pT: pTFMS > 2 GeV/c pTEMS > 1 GeV/c (slightly) higher pT: pTFMS > 2.5 GeV/c pTEMS > 1.5 GeV/c Δϕ = ϕπ0FMS - ϕπ0EMC Broadening smaller for correlations of higher-pT π0’s Δ = 0.09 ± 0.04 (higher pT) vs 0.19 ± 0.03 (lower pT) 9/18/2018 MJL

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