1. Species Interaction

2. Types of Species Interactions
Predation
Competition
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

3. Predation
Predation is any interaction between two organisms in which one organism (the predator) consumes all or part of another organism (the prey).

7. Herbivore-Plant Interactions
A herbivore grazing on a plant is another example of predation.
Usually, only part of the prey is eaten by the predator.

8. Prey Defenses
Predation usually results in the evolution of defensive adaptations in prey.
These can include:
Chemical defenses (toxins, poison, acrid sprays)
Behavior (living in groups, scouts, alarm calls)
Morphological features (spines, color, structures that allow you to run fast or detect predators), and other traits
Caterpillar with Venomous Spines

9. Camouflage
Camouflage is protective coloration in which an animal resembles its background.

10. Camouflage
In addition to matching the background, the animal often uses body position to enhance the illusion.

11. Competition
Competition in an interaction between two organisms that are using the same limited resource.
Competition can be within the same species (intraspecific) or between different species (interspecific).
Two species share a requirement for a limited resource  reduces fitness of one or both species

12. Symbiosis
Symbiosis is an intimate relationship between different species in which at least one species depends upon the relationship to survive.

13. Types of Symbiosis
Mutualism: Both partners benefit from the relationship (+, +)
Commensalism: One partner benefits from the relationship; the other partner is not affected (+, 0)
Parasitism: One partner benefits from the relationship; the other partner is harmed (+, -)

14. Mutualism – both species benefit from the interaction
two species provide resources or services
to each other  enhances fitness of both species

15. Examples of Mutualism
Flowers and their Pollinators: bees and hummingbirds gather nectar and spread pollen

16. Cleaners eat insect pests from the skin of animals
Cleaners eat insect pests from the skin of animals. (ex: Egyptian plover cleans giraffes and buffaloes)

17. Many herbivores such as cows, sheep, deer, horses and rabbits depend on bacteria that live in their stomachs to break down the plant material.

18. Commensalism
Commensalism  one species receives a resource from another species  enhances fitness of one species; no affect on the fitness of the other species
one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

19. The clownfish lives among the forest of tentacles of an anemone and is protected from potential predators.

20. Some birds live among cattle to eat the insects stirred up as they walk. Example: egrets who hunt for insects near a grazing animal's mouth.

21. One animal attaching itself to another for transportation such as barnacles attach to shells or whales or a shrimp riding on a sea slugs.
barnacles on whale’s tail and clam
shrimp riding on a sea slug

22. Parasitism
One organism, usually physically smaller of the two (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed
One species feeds on another  enhances fitness of parsite but reduced fitness of host

23. Ticks and fleas that live in a host animal's fur bite the animal and drink its blood are parasites.

24. Insects such as mosquitoes feeding on a host are parasites.

25. Vines such as Kudzu growing on trees

26. Tomato Hornworm with Wasp Eggs