1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
A.P. World History
Concept 3.1:
Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks

2. I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
The Silk Road:
Same: Continues to focus mostly on Luxury Goods such as silk, porceline, jade, ivory.
Changes: During the post-classical period ( C.E.) technologies and disease began to be more heavily diffused along the Silk Road.
Tech: Gunpowder & Paper
Disease: Black Death
Affect of Empires:
Islam: The Abbasid Caliphate protected trade (Sharia Law provides protection to merchants) decreased risks by settling disputes and protecting routes.
Mongols: Defeat the Abbasids in 1258 leading to the Pax Mongolica. Mongol Law (Yassa) punished interference with trade. All of Silk Road under one administration.

3. Concept 3.1 The Mediterranean:
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
The Mediterranean:
Same: Looses some of its continuity with the fall of Western Roman Empire, but remains a vital network of exchange. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire Remains
Changes: During the post-classical period ( C.E.) New Empires (Byzantine and Islamic Caliphates) return stability and protection to the Mediterranean.
Byzantine: Constantinople became a trade hub as goods from the Silk Road entered Europe through the Black Sea.
Italian City-States: As the Post-Classical progresses the Italian City-States begin to dominate the lucrative trade of this network.

4. Concept 3.1 The Trans-Saharan Network.
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
The Trans-Saharan Network.
The Trans-Saharan trade routes that formed in the classical age grew enormously in the period from 600 to 1450 C.E.
Islam: During the Umayyad Caliphate Islam came to north Africa and reinvigorated trade.
Caravan crossings of the Sahara desert increased the trade in gold, salt, ivory and slaves.
Along these same routes, Islam spread to sub-Saharan portions of west Africa.
Empires emerged under the Sahara desert, in large part because Islam brought the means to empower local kings and provide a point of unity.

5. I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
The Indian Ocean Network:
Indian Ocean trade was the dominate network of trade in the post-classical period.
volume of trade
Peoples/cultures involved and interacting
Same: Network remained closely tied to environmental conditions: monsoon winds.
Port Cities become Cosmopolitan as a result of large populations of foreigners waiting on seasons to change.
Remained largely an exchange of bulk items (ocean going ships) difficult to move on land.
Change: Dramatic increases in volume and participants.
Islam: (Protection of Merchants) Muslim City-States of the Swahili Coast of E. Africa. Arab sailers contribute the Dhow & Lateen Sail. Astrolabe.
Srivijaya: Buddhist kingdom on the Malayan Peninsula that traded spices.
China: Introduce Compass and large trade ships known as Junks.

6. Junk: Developed during the Song Dynasty in China (960-1279)
Includes Batten Sails
Large dagger/lee boards for stability
Stern Mounted Rudder
Separate compartments
Dhow: Developed in the Indian Ocean using Lateen (Triangular) Sails.
Mentioned in Previous Unit

7. I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
While your framework lists several new cities there are four that we’ll look at today:
Novgorod, Russia: Circa 859 C.E.
City and Surrounding State were part of the Kievan Rus. Located on the Volkhov River
Member of the Hanseatic League of Northern Europe
Geographically protected from the Mongols
Vital to connecting Arab, Europe, and Byzantine merchants.

8. Concept 3.1 Malacca, Malaysia: Circa 1377 C.E.
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
Malacca, Malaysia: Circa 1377 C.E.
City and Surrounding lands part of the Malacca Sultanate (Islamic). Located in an important Indian Ocean Shipping Lane (The Straits of Malacca)
Collection Point for spices grown across the islands of S.E. Asia.
They would be packaged and sold in bulk
Straits allowed Malacca to collect tolls (taxes) and control the passage of ships.
Later conquered
by Portugal in 1511

9. Concept 3.1 Timbuktu, Mali: Circa 12th Century
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
Timbuktu, Mali: Circa 12th Century
This important city located on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert on (Trans-Saharan trade network)
Part of Several Empires
Mali/Songhai/Moroccan Empires
It became an exchange point for west African gold and north African salt.
Because of the trade in books, the city also became an important city for Islamic scholarship and education.
Mansa Musa

10. Concept 3.1 Hangzhou , China Circa 589-609 C.E.
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
Hangzhou , China Circa C.E.
Located at the end of the Grand Canal connecting Beijing. Made Hangzhou the departure point for Chinese goods traveling to Japan, Korea, and S.E. Asia (Indian Ocean Trade).
Rose to its height during the Song Dynasty C.E. (Hangzhou was a southern capital)
Cosmopolitan city
Buddhism prevalent
Arab Trading Community

11. I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
Concept 3.1
The Empires of the Aztec, Maya, and Andean (Inca) were not as advanced in trade practices as Afro-Eurasian counterparts.
Evidence suggests Amerindians created an elaborate trade network:
Central America & S.W. North America (Pueblo)
Gems
Exotic Bird Feathers
Cacao (Sometimes used as currency or to make up the value of a trade)
The Inca established 25,000 miles of roads.
Like the Silk Road items would change hands several times before reaching their destination.

12. C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization, use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization.
Concept 3.1
After the fall of some classical (600 B.C.E.-600 C.E.) civilizations trade in luxury goods declined, but soon began to recover.
State Influences (Concept 3.2)
Improved Techniques of production
Innovations in Transportation:
Caravanserai: nomadic people settled at frequent stopping points to offer services to merchants. For a fee (usually silk) they served as local guides or provided food, water and rest.
Intervals of about 100 miles (distance a camel can travel before needing water)
Camel Saddle: Allows the camel to transport lbs. of Goods.

13. Silk Production in China
Diet of the silk worms of mulberry leaves. It also allowed for lighter colored silk that could be dyed many colors.
"Nests" specifically created for the worms to create their cocoons. The life cycle of a silk worm is one year.
Another Chinese practice was to steam the cocoon. This killed the pupa inside…1/2 were steamed while the other hatched (next years worms)
A single cocoon could have up to one mile of silk but several stands were combined to make each thread.
The finished product could be sold as raw silk textiles or dyed.

14. Concept 3.1 The Commercial Practices of Economic Exchange:
C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization, use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization.
Concept 3.1
The Commercial Practices of Economic Exchange:
Bills of Exchange: Similar to a check or promissory note. It is a binding contract that one party gives instead of heavy coins. It is also transferrable.
Evolution from Chinese practices to Arab traders to Italian Merchants.
Credit
Checks
Banking Houses: Organizations where merchants entrusted large sums of money in order to eliminate the need to carry large sums of cash while traveling and trading.

15. Concept 3.1 State Practices that increased exchange:
D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China.
Examples of State Practices:
Minting Coins
Use of Paper Money
Example of Trading Organizations:
Hanseatic League
Concept 3.1
State Practices that increased exchange:
Minting Coins…Copper, Silver, Gold. A Medium of Exchange.
Creation of Paper Money: Paper money first appears in China (coincidence that that’s also where paper comes from?)
Early Evidence in the 7th Century (Tang)
Local merchants attempting to avoid the bulk of coined money.
Solid Evidence in the 11th Century (Song)
Developed from promissory notes.
Copper Shortages in the 10th Century.

16. Concept 3.1 Trading Organizations: Infrastructure:
D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China.
Examples of State Practices:
Minting Coins
Use of Paper Money
Example of Trading Organizations:
Hanseatic League
Concept 3.1
Trading Organizations:
Hanseatic League : Organization of Northern Europeans for mutual trade security. By 1159 Viking are no longer a threat and the Hanseatic League is financial in nature.
Connection of Guilds. I.E.: Hamburg Salt Guild & Lubeck Herring Fishery
Declined due to the rise of Empires of: Sweden in North, HRE in Germany, and Ottomans to South
Infrastructure:
The Grand Canal: Completed during the Sui Dynasty in 605 C.E. this 1,104 Mile Canal linked the fertile southern farmland with heavily populated northern China.
Increased Communication
Easy Troop Movement
Imperial Highway

17. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
Examples of Empires:
China
The Byzantine Empire
The Caliphates
The Mongols
Empires and Trade
China. In the 7th century, China's Tang emperor sent several military expeditions to the northwest. The purpose of these was to defend the border against nomads, particularly the Turks, but also to take control of much of the western trade routes.
This expansion (which was eventually stopped by the Abbasids at the Battle of Talas in 751 brought many ethnic groups into China's cities.
These groups in turn provided commercial links to nomadic and settled people of their Central Asia homelands.
As a result, Chang'an became intensely cosmopolitan. Serving as both the eastern terminus of the Silk Roads and the northern end of the Grand Canal, this city had large communities of non-Chinese ethnic groups who had settled there to take advantage of trade.
By the 9th century, Uighurs dominated money lending, Sogdians ran the popular imported wine shops, and Turks were involved in the trade of many goods and Buddhist relics.

18. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
Examples of Empires:
China
The Byzantine Empire
The Caliphates
The Mongols
Empires and Trade
Byzantine. As with all empires, the expansion of the Byzantine empire broadened the groups of people participating in commerce.
Byzantine trade connected Constantinople with commercial cities such as Alexandria and Tripoli as well as the islands of Crete and Sicily.
When the Italian city-states emerged, they depended on imports of grain and textiles coming in from the Byzantine Empire.
The Empire also served as an important connection between Mediterranean trade and the Arab world. Another group of people pulled into the orbit of Byzantine trade was the state of Kievan Rus, or Russia. Kiev was an important mid point on the north/south trade routes connecting Constantinople to the fur traders of Novgorod and Scandinavia.

19. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
Examples of Empires:
China
The Byzantine Empire
The Caliphates
The Mongols
Empires and Trade
The Islamic Caliphates. Unlike some other belief systems, Islam has been pro-trade from the beginning (Mohammed was a merchant) and trade accounted in part for the rapid spread of the faith.
Merchants traveled farther than armies and took their religion to remote areas of Eurasia.
As new areas were incorporated into the Dar al Islam, its protective legal system and positive acceptance of merchants created welcome haven of exchange.
Banks and credit emerged. Crops such as rice, wheat, eggplant and citrus were transplanted across Islamic civilization thus creating year-round cultivation in some areas.
The trans-Saharan trade in salt took Islam to West Africa thus bringing the Sub-Saharan region into Afro-Eurasian networks. Seeking furs from northern Europe, Muslim merchants traveled to Russia and Scandinavia with silk and metal wares.
The nature of the Indian Ocean trade it perfect for carrying bulk items such as spices, and Islam diffused to the Africa's Swahili Coast. In South East Asia, the port city of Malacca became an Islamic Sultanate around the year 1400 and remained so until the Portuguese showed up in 1511.

20. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
Examples of Empires:
China
The Byzantine Empire
The Caliphates
The Mongols
Empires and Trade
Mongols. Having dissolved tribal loyalties and forged an unstoppable nomadic cavalry on the Central Asia steppes, Genghis Khan went on to conquer the largest land empire in history.
The duration of the Mongol Empire was short compared to others, but never before or since has a single empire controlled the Eurasian land mass from China to Eastern Europe.
They punished thieves and pirates.
To extend commercial connections to Western European markets, the Mongols encouraged the building of port cities such as Kaffa on the Black Sea.
They pushed trade outside of their empire by forcing Chinese to emigrate to South East Asia and form merchant communities in the trading ports there. In Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malay peninsula and Java, Chinese diaspora communities connected Mongol trade routes to foreign trading ports of the Indian Ocean network.

21. II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it.
Concept 3.1
The increase of long-distance trade routes depended on knowledge of environment and adapting to it with technology.
Vikings in the N. Atlantic:
The Vikings used Longships to navigate the ocean and rivers…raiding.
Berbers in the Sahara Desert:
The Berbers and Arabs of N. Africa used the camel (camel caravan & saddle) to travel throughout N. Africa and spread trade and Islam.
Mongols/Huns in Central Asia:
Nomadic tribes especially the Mongols used horses, saddles, and stirrups to travel the steppes of Central Asia and create large empires.

22. The Vikings
In the 8th century, Scandinavians known as Vikings began to leave their home.
The Viking practice of dividing land inheritances among all male heirs progressively diminished each family's holding of an already limited amount of arable land.
Consequently, they began to raid, pillage, and eventually settle elsewhere. These migrations were made possible by a remarkable vessel, the Viking Longship.
Its nearly forty foot wide sail could catch the North Sea's winds and drive it with great speed.
It could be propelled by oars.
Seaworthy enough for trans-Atlantic crossings
Small enough to maneuver in shallow rivers.
Their expansion connected several regional trading zones in Eurasia:
Byzantine, Islamic, Northern European, and Central Asian routes via the Russians.

23. Concept 3.1 Bantu Migration
B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact.
Examples:
The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands.
Bantu Migration
The migration of Bantu people across Africa, which was a protracted movement of people lasting about 2000 years.
Diffused iron making technology across the continent.
The effect on agriculture was profound. Sharp iron tools made reaping of crops much faster allowing more to be grown.
Some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa experienced demographic changes.
Making use of bananas, which were first brought to east Africa by Polynesian people.
Bantu populations increased. To meet the needs of growing populations, Bantu speaking people turned to irrigation and terracing techniques and experienced the associated environmental effects.
Land was cleared and erosion took place at a greater rate. Their use of cattle accelerated the land clearing. According to some historians, the pressures this put on resources led to the collapse of perhaps the most well known society of Bantu ancestry, Great Zimbabwe.
In the absence of further technological innovations, the growing population exhausted the supply of firewood, soil, and pasture lands.

24. Concept 3.1 B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact.
Examples:
The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands.
Polynesian Migration
Origins in East Asia (Taiwan)
Polynesians spent several centuries “island hoping” to Fiji, Somoa, and Tahiti… by 500 C.E. they had reached the Hawaiian Islands.
Navigation with the stars and perfected canoe building.
Reach extended thousands of miles to complete the Polynesian Triangle
(an imaginary triangle with Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island forming its corners.)
No written language or use of metallurgy
They formed complex hierarchical societies, but remained largely isolated from the rest of the world.
Animals taken by the migrating Polynesians had significant environmental consequences.
Hawaii the pigs they brought destroyed much of the indigenous flora and fauna.
Easter Island: Pigs and Large edible rats the Polynesians carried caused collapse: The pigs devoured the nuts and seeds from trees thus preventing them from replenishing.
Polynesians cut most all of the mature trees.
After having eaten everything on the island they could, including their dogs, the population suffered a catastrophic collapse.

25. Concept 3.1 Things to understand about Islam: The Five Pillars.
III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification, or creation of new, networks of trade and communication.
A. Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants and missionaries.
Concept 3.1
Things to understand about Islam:
The Five Pillars.
The difference Between Sunni and Shia.
Understand how the spread of Islam encouraged diasporic communities in Indian Ocean.

26. Concept 3.1 Interregional Travelers:
Ibn Battuta: Muslim scholar who traveled to 44 countries (73,000 Miles in the Dar al Islam)
Marco Polo: Italian/Catholic merchant who traveled the Silk Road and Indian Ocean (25,000 miles).
Xuanzang: Chinese/Buddhist Monk who traveled Silk Road and India