THE MIGRATION OF THE SCOTS

THE MIGRATION OF THE SCOTS
Issue 1: THE MIGRATION OF THE SCOTS

(12 Facts – you will learn 7-8)
In this Issue we will look at 2 areas: 1. What PUSHED the Scots out AND around Scotland AND 2. What PULLED the Scots to out What PULLED the Scots from their homes? (Overseas) (12 Facts – you will learn 7-8)

MIGRATION & EMPIRE Pictionary
Push Factors to Migration? We already know there were many problems within Scotland during this period. For many Scots remaining here was no longer an option. What reasons do we already know that might explain why many Scots migrated? In small groups your teacher will assign you several reasons for migration You have 15 minutes to make at least 3 Pictionary cards for each topic: - On one side of the card write ‘Migration & Empire Pictionary’ On the other side put a picture & word/term Recap How Far 1 ‘push factors’ to migration then explain to pupils that this How Far deals with the ‘pull factors’ HERE ARE SOME IDEAS

Push Factors to the Scots Ideas for Pictionary groups
However it wasn’t only ‘Push Factors’ that can explain why Scots emigrated… this How Far topic focuses on the ‘Pull Factors’ Push Factors to the Scots Ideas for Pictionary groups Problem 1 – Over populated Highland Region Problem 2 – Highland Clearances Problem 3 – Poor Living Conditions Problem 4 – Failure of the Kelp Industry Problem 5 – Balmoralism Problem 6 – Poor Harvests/Potato Famine Problem 7 – Fishing Industry Problem/Reason 8 – Agricultural Revolution Problem/Reason 9 – Industrial Revolution EXAMPLE: Problem 3 – Poor Living Conditions Blackhouses Diseases -TB Animals living inside

What would attract you to another country?
Think, Pair & Share So we know the reasons why Scots were ‘pushed’ to leave but what do you think were the pull factors which attracted Scots to other countries? What would attract you to another country? As we go through the next few slides think about the answer to this question – ‘What did attract the Scots Abroad?’

What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad?
Background What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad? Although internal migration was popular many Scots chose to leave the British Isles altogether The decision to leave your place of birth & to seek a new life elsewhere had been as a result of complex factors United States Canada Many areas offered land and ability to earn more money Unskilled labourers tended to for NZ & Australia, while skilled workers went to the USA & Canada Different destinations were popular at different times Australia New Zealand

Tom Devine TAKE NOTES ON: Why did the Scots move?
Explain to pupils before you put video link on that Tim Devine is an Historian who is often used in source work. If his work comes up in a How Useful Question you know he is reliable - Professor Tom Devine discusses the migration of Scots, including misconceptions about the Highland clearances and other factors that led to a movement overseas, particularly among skilled workers. TAKE NOTES ON: Why did the Scots move? What problem did it leave Scotland?

What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad?
Background What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad? The outflow of people was made easier by the revolution in transport, in particular the steamship Furthermore, if things did not work out in the New World then the price of a steamship ticket brought you back to your native land in a week. Emigration seemed less risky in the age of the steamship The reduction in travelling time allowed for temporary migration as well as permanent; something unthinkable in the days of sailing ships The 1920s & 1930s saw mass unemployment at home. This mostly affected the age group 16–29, skilled rather than unskilled workers and men rather than women Emigration was also seen as a practical solution to unemployment and economic depression

What Attracted The Scots To Emigrate? Better Standard of Living
Watch the video clips & take notes of the ‘pull factors’ Better Standard of Living Skills Wanted Hope Letters from Friends Land Available

Lets See What You Know Already… What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad?
Better information – newspapers & leaflet Religion – spread word of god Steamship – quick easy journey & could easily return Gold Better Information - Letters from family & friends Prisoners families following loved one to Australia Better prospects & living conditions Skills wanted: Farming, granite, textiles Start a new life via the help of charities Governments /Agents funding travel & providing land Landowners only offers of help Back door/stepping stone to USA Answers behind picture

Opportunities that Attracted the Scots Abroad
It is important to know that not all Scots were driven out of Scotland – many left willingly. Hope, ambition and adventure were more common reasons for leaving than despair There were many opportunities which attracted the Scots Abroad We are going to look at the 12 reasons: Reason 1 – Prisoners Families Reason 2 – Religion Reason 3 – Better Prospects Reason 4 – Ease of transport Reason 5 – Better Information Reason 6 – Gold Reason 7 – Help from landowners Reason 9 - Government Help Reason 10 - Charities Reason 11 - Emigration Societies Reason 12 - Agents YOU BE THE TEACHER In pairs you are going to be given 1 reason that explains why the Scot migrated Read the information & discuss why this lead to migration You will then tell the class what you have found HOWEVER you must use of the white board help them create a detailed MindMap with key words

Reason 1: Prisoners Families Until 1867 prisoners convicted of series crimes were often sent to Australia Sending criminals was called ‘transportation’ However this is easily overestimated as of the 160,000 convicts sent from Britain only 5% were Scots (7,600) Sentences could last from 7 years to life depending on the crime Most were single young men who had been convicted of common crimes like theft, burglary or forgery After their sentences many chose to stay in Australia Sometimes their families would join them Therefore some Scots were attracted to move abroad to follow loved ones Go through with pupils afterwards in case anything was left out

Attractions for Scots moving Abroad
Reason 2 – Religion The importance of religion in Scottish migration must be recognised The British Empire contained many different peoples with different religious beliefs Some Scots men & women believed it was their Christian duty to convert the people of the Empire to Christianity Many travelled as missionaries to spread the world of God, hoping to convert in particular Indians & Africans Missionaries also wanted to help the poor & illiterate to read & write Many were also attracted to NZ because of its developed Free Church of Scotland (which you find out more about later) & drawn by the promise of a well-ordered Christian society with Scottish culture Therefore some Scots were attracted abroad in order to convert others to Christianity or because they knew they would welcomed into a church elsewhere

Reason 3 – Better Prospects In the Lowlands, moving abroad was nearly always due to the desire to improve living standards With attractions of a new life such as employment, better wages, easier work, chances of marriage partner & entertainment Many countries gave promises of free/cheap land abroad which would see better prospects both for ones self and the next generation The opportunity to buy land at fair prices abroad also gave major investment opportunities Where the best opportunities lay dependent upon your skills The displaced village craftsman who were forced to migrate now saw their skills all of a sudden in demand Granite workers could earn in America in 1.5 days what it took them a week to earn at home The USA mainly attracted those from industrial communities Canada, Australia and NZ remained very attractive to tenant farmers who had the farming skills but no farms Finally, migration to Canada seen by many urban industrial workers as a ‘back door’ to USA at a time when it was harder to gain direct entry to the USA this is where they better prospects were seen to be

Reason 4 – Ease of transport Emigration was transformed by the transport revolution The development of steamships from the 1880s made emigrating much easier and safer process The cost did not reduce dramatically to begin with but travel time did E.G. 1850s it took 6 weeks to cross Atlantic in 1914 about a week This is an important factor as migrants had to consider loss of wages while on route This made temporary migration abroad possible something unthinkable previously in the days of sailing ships Furthermore if things did not work out in the new world then it wouldn't take too long to return The building of the railways also helped migration as they offered easily access to the ports where the ships departed Landowners in Scotland even sometimes paid the fare of the people who were willing to emigrate

Reasons for Scots moving Abroad
Reason 5 – Better Information As transport (and telegraph) systems improved postal services became more reliable Letters that came from trusted friends & family proved to be a reliable account of life and employment overseas – showing better conditions, higher wages, cheap land etc. encouraged people to emigrate Relatives also provided money or paid for tickets & gave help to emigrants when they first arrived encouraging families to reunite The support network of fellow Scots & communities to move into were a huge reason why people moved Newspapers would also tell positive stories & post letters about the success of emigrants E.G. Aberdeen Journal were active in raising interest in emigration - providing adverts for ship sailings, information on assisted passage and numerous letters Guides were even published that tried to settle emigrate concerns about keeping their language and culture Finally, the Emigrants Information Office opened in 1886 as a source of impartial advice for migrants They offered information on land grants, wages, living cost as well as travel information

Reason 6 – Gold A very clear example of a major wave of emigration was due to the gold rush In the 1850s around 90,000 Scots left for Australia alone! America offered similar attractions The Scots were attracted by the opportunity of making their fortune by discovering gold Gold led many Scots to chose these places over Canada Some were also attracted by the job vacancies created in these countries as people went in search of gold e.g. catering, school, lay roads Gold could make you a fortune however the reality was often much harsher Long, hard days in dangerous conditions Therefore many Scots and their families left Scot to make money as gold hunters

These ones are more difficult – you really need to think WHY they attracted the Scots abroad Help to emigrate Emigrating was expensive & money was needed to help pay for the travel costs & build new homes abroad We are now going to look at the help that was available & WHY they were going out of their way to make emigrating seem like an attractive idea Many needed financial help to move. There were various sources of money: Landowners Governments Charities Emigration societies Colonial governments & Agents

Reason 7 – Help from Landowners Many estate landowners helped with the costs of emigration because they wanted to reduce the number of people living on their lands The Duke of Argyll & Sutherland and other large landowners financed emigrating schemes Offers of funding were linked to eviction which left little chose for the crofter – either take what was being offered or leave with nothing Some genuinely tried to help but mostly they were acting for their own best interests Therefore this might seem like a generous gift however really it was to get people off their land Some helped by negotiating for land on behalf of their tenants with the governments of countries like Canada Little did they know how bad the conditions were to be on board some of the ships Therefore this attracted Scots abroad as they realised if they did not take the help offered they would be homeless & without much hope of work

Reason 8 – Governments Canada put considerable effort into attracting Scots through agents & advertising Most colonial governments had offices in Scotland and regularly gave talks and handed out leaflets advertising the new lands & offering free passages and other inducements (land/jobs) In 1892 the Canadian government appointed 2 full time agents in Scotland who undertook tours of markets, hiring fairs, agricultural shows and village halls Scots were welcomed due to their skills - finding a job was usually easy Also many brought money with them Canada hoped for well-qualified farmers I order to develop their economy Our government however did very little to help emigration In the 1880s they gave £10,000 to help crofters emigrate Help was given after WWI because they saw emigrating as a way of dealing with growing unemployment The government set up Overseas Settlement Committee which tried to settle ex-servicemen overseas The scheme only lasted until 1923 & helped less than 1/3 of those who applied In 1922 government passed Empire Settlement Act which gave £3 million a year to help with travel expenses, training & the buying of land as a way of relieving unemployment Therefore the Scots were attracted by the colonial governments offers of free passage, land & jobs & following WWI were encouraged to leave through similar opportunities from our government

Reason 9 – Charities Charities like Barnardo's did some work in Scotland to help children get out of the poor conditions they were living in Many were able to leave the workhouses to start a new life Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) sent men to former colonies between WWI & II The Women's Emigration Association did the same job for women William Quarrier who set up children's homes for orphans after making his money from a shoe business, began sending children from his homes to new lives in Canada – by 1933 he had sent nearly 7,000 The Highlands & Island Emigration Society set up to oversee the process of resettlement & helped raise funds for emigration to the empire Between they helped nearly 17,000 move abroad Their work allowed a landlord could secure passage to Australia for £1 p/p Therefore the Scots were attracted by the opportunity to start a new life through help by charities

Reason 10 – Emigration Societies Emigration societies were set up to help & encourage emigrants They were different to charities & were not always government run Emigration agencies would organise their travel arrangements, help with costs & provide land free or cheap, as well as start up loans The money to fund this came from the government & the landowners They helped people like weavers who were finding it harder to make a living due to the competition from machines in factories They tried to get money from the government to help families to emigrate, with varying success Emigration societies also helped women, realising that more women had to migrate in order to balance the population E.G. by 1850 there were 3 women to every man in Shetland The best known society was the Aberdeen Ladies Union which send 330 women to Canada between 1883 & 1914 In 1866 the Emigrant's Information Office opened which helped attract Scots to new lands as they gave impartial information on land grants, wages and living costs. The problem was that there were many societies and schemes which duplicated each others work Therefore Scots were attracted by the offer of reliable help

Reason 11 – Recruiting Agents Scots were deliberately targeted by companies who advertised opportunities abroad for Scots Adverts from shipping companies offered cheap fares & promised a better life to emigrants Agents travelled to Scotland persuading people to emigrate - they would give talks in town halls or tour agricultural shows where they would encourage Scots to emigrate Therefore often it wasn’t the poorest who were helped by these companies but those who were educated & skilled They wanted scots as they had the reputation as good workers, had basic education & could read & write, also speaking English CPR (Canadian Pacific Railways) agents travelled around the country giving lectures and providing information about emigration. T he CPR also sought to make the lives of the emigrants significantly easier by offering them ready made farms (complete with housing, barns and fences) included in the sale of the land. Some of the land was even given away for free! The British American Land Company set up in 1833 bought 1 million acres of Canada. They needed people to work to improve the land and make it profitable and attracted them by paying for their travel & offering them jobs Therefore Scots were attracted to move abroad due to private companies & their agents – they saw constant reminders of what was available overseas via posters, talks given at fairs & were offered jobs, higher wages & homes

TASK – You Be The Teacher
In pairs you are going to mark an ‘essay’ style answer on your ‘How Fully’ Question: ‘HOW FULLY DOES SOURCE A EXPLAIN THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT ATTRACTED THE SCOTS ABROAD.’ There are many valid points within the answer however there is also many mistakes – see how many you can spot Using a highlighter pen colour in all other mistakes (Then go back to being a student and…) in your jotter correct the mistakes – you do not need to copy the whole passage out just the key pieces of information

Mark Away – see how much you enjoy it 
Scots were attracted by the opportunity of making their fortune by discovering silver. This ' Silver Rush' caused many Scots to migrate to other lands for example France. Some were also attracted by the job vacancies created in these countries as people went in search of gold. Improved transport made it much cheaper for Scots to migrate and this attracted them to other lands as it was a safer and slower process. For example the change from sail to banana boat cut the time to get to America by 1900 from 106 weeks to 101 week. Scots were attracted abroad by the opportunity to earn higher wages - for example hat makers could earn in America in 1.5 days what it took them a week to earn at home. Scots were attracted by phone calls from emigrants that had already gone abroad. Often phone calls would encourage them of a worse life abroad, in some cases these would be published on the internet. Furthermore Scots were encouraged to emigrate as they knew that there was a 'Scots' based support system out there when they arrived. Being a member of the Jewish church gave hope to Scots that they would find support where they went. Some Scots were attracted by the opportunity of owning cars. While a lack of car existed in Scotland in places like Canada, USA, NZ and Australia Scottish emigrants had the possibility of buying cars cheaply and in some cases for only free! Scots were deliberately targeted by colonial governments who advertised opportunities abroad for Scots. They would give talks in pub halls or tour fashion shows where they would encourage Scots to stay in Scotland. Scots had the skills - in industry and in swimming which were in demand and could be used abroad. Therefore this gave the Scots the opportunity to emigrate for adventure and a better quality of life. For example the British American Land Company set up in 1833 bought 1 million acres of Brazil. They needed people to work to improve the land and make it profitable and attracted them by paying for their dinner. Furthermore Canada appointed 2 full time accountants in Scotland in 1892 who toured markets, agricultural shows and village halls. This grew to 5 by Emigration agencies would organise their dinner arrangements. In some cases they would provide land too. In 1866 the Emigrant's Information Office opened which helped attract Scots to new lands as they gave and information on land grants, wages and living costs. Scots were attracted by the opportunity to have a new life abroad financed by British institutions. Financial support from sheep or the government also attracted some Scots to travel abroad. In 1922 the Empire Act gave £30 million to assist migration with travel costs and land purchase as a ways of relieving unemployment. The Oxfam sent men to colonies between the wars. The Highlands and England emigration scheme raised money and helped very poor crofters go to Australia and Canada and meant a landowner could pay £1 per tenant for settlement in Spain. Give this to pupils as a hand out

Mistakes in Red – what are the correct answers
Scots were attracted by the opportunity of making their fortune by discovering silver. This ' Silver Rush' caused many Scots to migrate to other lands for example France. Some were also attracted by the job vacancies created in these countries as people went in search of gold. Improved transport made it much cheaper for Scots to migrate and this attracted them to other lands as it was a safer and slower process. For example the change from sail to banana boat cut the time to get to America by 1900 from 106 weeks to 101 week. Scots were attracted abroad by the opportunity to earn higher wages - for example hat makers could earn in America in 1.5 days what it took them a week to earn at home. Scots were attracted by phone calls from emigrants that had already gone abroad. Often phone calls would encourage them of a worse life abroad, in some cases these would be published on the internet. Furthermore Scots were encouraged to emigrate as they knew that there was a 'Scots' based support system out there when they arrived. Being a member of the Jewish church gave hope to Scots that they would find support where they went. Some Scots were attracted by the opportunity of owning cars. While a lack of car existed in Scotland in places like Canada, USA, NZ and Australia Scottish emigrants had the possibility of buying cars cheaply and in some cases for only free! Scots were deliberately targeted by colonial governments who advertised opportunities abroad for Scots. They would give talks in pub halls or tour fashion shows where they would encourage Scots to stay in Scotland. Scots had the skills - in industry and in swimming which were in demand and could be used abroad. Therefore this gave the Scots the opportunity to emigrate for adventure and a better quality of life. For example the British American Land Company set up in 1833 bought 1 million acres of Brazil. They needed people to work to improve the land and make it profitable and attracted them by paying for their dinner. Furthermore Canada appointed 2 full time accountants in Scotland in 1892 who toured markets, agricultural shows and village halls. This grew to 5 by Emigration agencies would organise their dinner arrangements. In some cases they would provide land too. In 1866 the Emigrant's Information Office opened which helped attract Scots to new lands as they gave and information on land grants, wages and living costs. Scots were attracted by the opportunity to have a new life abroad financed by British institutions. Financial support from sheep or the government also attracted some Scots to travel abroad. In 1922 the Empire Act gave £30 million to assist migration with travel costs and land purchase as a ways of relieving unemployment. The Oxfam sent men to colonies between the wars. The Highlands and England emigration scheme raised money and helped very poor crofters go to Australia and Canada and meant a landowner could pay £1 per tenant for settlement in Spain. Go over each sentence with the class & see if they picked out the mistake & what they changed it to

Correct Answers – 12 marks of KU
Scots were attracted by the opportunity of making their fortune by discovering gold. This ' Gold Rush' caused many Scots to migrate to other lands for example Australia and America. Some were also attracted by the job vacancies created in these countries as people went in search of gold. Improved transport made it easier for Scots to migrate and this attracted them to other lands as it was a safer and quicker process. For example the change from sail to steamboat cut the time to get to America by 1900 from 6 weeks to 1 week. Scots were attracted abroad by the opportunity to earn higher wages - for example granite workers could earn in America in 1.5 days what it took them a week to earn at home. Scots were attracted by news from emigrants that had already gone abroad. Often letters would encourage them of a better life abroad, in some cases these would be published in newspapers. Furthermore Scots were encouraged to emigrate as they knew that there was a 'Scots' based support system out there when they arrived. Some Scots were attracted by the opportunity of owning land. While land hunger existed in Scotland in places like Canada, USA, NZ and Australia Scottish emigrants had the possibility of buying land cheaply and in some cases for free. Scots were deliberately targeted by colonial governments who advertised opportunities abroad for Scots. They would give talks in town halls or tour agricultural shows where they would encourage Scots to emigrate. Scots had the skills - in industry and in farming which were in demand and could be used abroad. Therefore this gave the Scots the opportunity to emigrate for adventure and a better quality of life. For example the British American Land Company set up in 1833 bought 1 million acres of Canada. They needed people to work to improve the land and make it profitable and attracted them by paying for their travel ( passage). Furthermore Canada appointed 2 full time agents in Scotland in 1892 who toured markets, agricultural shows and village halls. This grew to 5 by Emigration agencies would organise their travel arrangements. In some cases they would provide land too. In 1866 the Emigrant's Information Office opened which helped attract Scots to new lands as they gave and information on land grants, wages and living costs. Scots were attracted by the opportunity to have a new life abroad financed by British institutions. Financial support from landlords or the government also attracted some Scots to travel abroad. In 1922 the Empire Act gave £3 million to assist migration with travel costs and land purchase as a ways of relieving unemployment. The YMCA sent men to colonies between the wars. The Highlands and Island emigration scheme raised money and helped very poor crofters go to Australia and Canada and meant a landowner could pay £1 per tenant for settlement in Australia. [

As a class what do we think are the 9 most important reasons which attracted the Scot abroad?

You have now been taught 24 facts about why the Scots left their homes – divide 16 of them into the table below: Push Pull

Pair & Share Task Each pair will be given a coloured pen & have 60 seconds to write down reasons as many ‘Push’ & ‘Pull’ factors to migration You will then move round the other groups & tick off their sheet the ones which you had remembered & add answers they don’t have This will allow you share what you know, see how other groups word answers & ensure that we know at least 6 reasons!

Evaluation… Part 2 of Issue 1: Opportunities that Attracted the Scots Abroad I can give at least 10 detailed explanations that explain what attracted the Scots to move abroad I can clearly differentiate between the ‘Push’ & ‘Pull’ factors that explain the movement

Incert sources eg compariosn & how fully & how useful

THE MIGRATION OF THE SCOTS

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