1. RTV 322
Lighting

2. Types of Light Incident: comes directly from the light source
Reflected: has come in contact with some other material before entering our field of vision
Our ability to see largely the result of reflected light
Incident and reflected light meter

3. Film vs. video Gaffer – head of electrical Lighting Director
Works with DP / cinematographer
Lighting Director
Simpler kind of operation like a TV news studio or simple on-location prductions

4. Lighting Director’s Goals
Meet artistic needs of the program
General Illumination needs
Develops a lighting plan so that all performers and parts of the set are lit as required/desired
Lighting should be ‘invisible’
Lighting is done ‘per camera’

5. Measuring Light Levels
Measured with a light meter
In footcandles (ftc)--amount of light falling on a surface one foot from the light with the illumination level of one candle
Also used, lux: About 10 lux = 1 ftc
Measure incident & reflected

6. Light meter using a meter
But also, ‘pocket light meter’ -- apps

7. Lighting ratio Incident light measurement
Reflected – spot meter reading
At the subject’s location
Capturing and controlling light

8. Other lighting issues
1--Contrast Ratio: brightest to darkest: human eye 100:1, TV 30:1
Outdoor / stadium daytime shots (shader)
AGC automatically adjusts
2--Color Temperature: measure of the frequency of the light wave
3,200° K / 5,600° K / red / blue

9. Lighting uses & objectives
Flat Lighting (shape/texture)
High-key / low-key for mood
Follow spot
Limbo (subject ‘in limbo’ against softly lit cyc)
Cameo (subject lit / background dark; angelic)
Silhouette (subject dark & background lit)lighting-focus attn.
…cont...

10. Lighting uses & objectives
To imitate reality
Shoot on a set for ‘outdoor shot’
Using lights shooting outdoors
Use of shadow and lighting effects

11. Lighting Instruments Quartz lamp (‘bulb’)
3,200° K
500 / 1,000 / 2,000 watts / 10,000
New High Speed Fluorescent (HSF)
Traditional / HSF at 3,200° K
HMI lamp -- 5,600° K
LED emergence

12. Lighting Instruments Spotlights Other major spotlight type Barn doors
Controlled beam / pinned & spread
Fresnel
Other major spotlight type
Ellipsoidal / leko / cutters / cookies / gobos
Open face spot
Barn doors

13. Lighting Instruments Floodlights Sometimes covered with scrim/scrims
Pans/broads --rectangular shaped
Scoop -- Bowl shaped
Strip lights for background
Softlight -- lamp points inward
Sometimes covered with scrim/scrims

14. Newer lighting instruments
HSF / HMI ~ HID (lights for sale)
LED

15. Three point lighting Key --spotlight -- 35-40° angle
Fill -- flood or spread spot (1/2)
Back--spotlight (1.5-2x the key)
Compare to background
Separation / hair light

16. Multiple Camera Lighting
Talk Shows, sit-coms, soaps
3-point vs. flat / combining
Base lighting vs. creative

17. Studio Lighting Light Board / dimmers / pig tails
Grid vs. floor stand / c-stand
Gobo arm / mafer clamp etc.
Extension poles, c-clamp, safety
Inverse square law--as light to subject distance doubles, light level is reduced to 1/4 previous level # lighting effects

18. Silhouette
Vs cameo or limbo (black / white)

19. Side lighting example
A better effect than front lighting (‘sun at your back’)

20. Diffused Lighting

21. Short
lighting

22. Broad lighting side of face toward camera is lit

23. A few other terms
specularity is the size and brightness of a light source on a subject.
Catch lights are the reflections in a subject’s eyes from the key light
Light intensity (or quantity) measured in footcandles or lux
Coherence, often called quality, is the hardness or softness of light.