1. Bio 9B: Monday, 2.28.11 Title: RNA Structure and Function
Homework:
Read pages in the textbook. Take active reading notes to answer the following questions:
How is RNA different from DNA?
What are the functions of the 3 different types of RNA?
What happens during transcription?
Do Now: In your notebook:
If you had a DNA sequence of T A C A G C T, what would the matching RNA sequence be?
A U G U C G A
Today’s Objectives:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

2. RNA: Structures & Functions
PHA Biology 9
Moretti and Dickson

3. RNA Structure & Function of Different Types

4. RNA Structure: Base Pairing
4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA:
Adenine
Guanine
Uracil
Cytosine
RNA –> DNA Base Pairing:
A ---- U
G ---- C
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

5. RNA Structure: DNA vs. RNA
3 Major Structural Differences
DNA
RNA
Deoxyribose Sugar
Ribose Sugar
Double Strand
Single Strand (generally)
Uses Thymine (T)
Uses Uracil (U)
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

6. Types of RNA: Overview Type of RNA Basic Function Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Copy genes on the DNA (transcription)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Translate mRNA into a protein
Carry amino acid to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
(we will not focus on rRNA)
Part of the ribosome
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

7. Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Basic Structure:
Single Strand of RNA
Basic Function
Make a copy of DNA instructions to make a protein
Takes those instructions from DNA to Ribosome to make a protein
Every 3 bases is a Codon
Remember: Small enough to leave
the nucleus. DNA is too big!
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

8. Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Basic Structure:
Coiled RNA strand
Amino Acid attached to the top
Anti-codon on the bottom
Basic Function:
Transfer amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
Anti-codon on tRNA matches/ reads codon on mRNA
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

9. Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

10. RNA Structure & Function HW Work Time

11. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 2.28.11 Title: RNA Structure and Function
Homework:
Read pages in the textbook. Take active reading notes, paying attention to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions:
How does the genetic code work?
What are the steps of translation?
Do Now: In your notebook:
Next Slide
Today’s Objectives:
Explain the purpose of transcription and translation
Describe the steps of translation
Use the genetic code to translate a gene into a protein

12. MCAS Prep Question
The mold Aspergillus flavus grows on grain. A. flavus produces a toxin that binds to DNA in the bodies of animals that eat the grain. The binding of the toxin to DNA blocks transcription, so it directly interferes with the ability of an animal cell to do which of the following?
Produce ATP using energy released from glucose and other nutrient
transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm
Transfer proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complexes
Send protein-building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes

13. The Genetic Code The 64 Codons that code for Amino Acids
Objectives for Class:
Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to make a protein.

14. Reading The Genetic Code
mRNA codons are 3 bases long and specify a particular amino acid.
To use the wheel, the 1st base (letter) of codon matches the biggest letter and you move
out from the middle to read
the rest of the codon.
Therefore, the 2nd base in
the codon is the second
biggest letter (the one in the middle ring) and the 3rd base
In the codon is the smallest letter (the one in the outer ring).
The arrows show the direction you should read it.

15. The Genetic Code
Complete Part I of the “Decoding the Genetic Code!” Activity.
(we will review the first 3 examples of question 1 after you have had a chance to complete them)
Objectives for Class:
Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to make a protein.

16. Reading The Genetic Code: Examples
Follow along with the examples in your packet!
Example 1: CAG
1st base = C
2nd base = A
3rd base = G
Therefore the
amino acid is…
Glutamine!
Example 2: GUU
Valine

17. Reading The Genetic Code: Longer Example
Example 3: GCCAGCUAG
Step 1: Break it into 3-letter sections (codons)
GCC AGC UAG
Step 2: Decode each codon
GCC = Alanine
AGC = Serine
UAG = STOP (end of protein sequence) 1 3 2

18. Homework Review Question
Overview:
What is the hidden message in Part II of the homework assignment?
“Give Neighbor High 5”
Objectives for Class:
Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

19. Transcription Detail Overview: Steps:
mRNA
Overview:
A DNA gene is copied in the form of mRNA
Occurs in the nucleus
Steps:
RNA Polymerase separates DNA strands
RNA Polymerase moves along one of the DNA strands (template)
RNA Polymerase makes mRNA by attaching RNA nucleotides that match the DNA template
Objectives for Class:
Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

20. Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA)
DNA
(the red &
green strands)
mRNA
(the orange strand)
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

21. Translation Detail Overview: Steps: mRNA enters the ribosome
mRNA copy provides instructions for assembling amino acids into a protein
Occurs at the ribosome
Steps:
mRNA enters the ribosome
tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA anticodons match with mRNA codons to put amino acids in the right order
According to the Genetic Code
Objectives for Class:
Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

22. Transcription & Translation
Objectives for Class:
Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

23. Translation Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
Objectives for Class:
Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

24. Transcription and Translation: Video
Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg
Objectives for Class:
Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

25. Bio 9B: Wednesday, 3.2.11 Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations
Homework:
Complete Part II of the Genetic Mutations Activity For Tomorrow
Quiz next TUESDAY!
Do Now:
How was your description of a genetic mutation similar to what a mutation actually is?
Today’s Objective:
Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

26. Gene Mutations Activity Part I Review
What is a Genetic Mutation?
A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA
The three types of point mutations:
substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide for another)
insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the DNA sequence)
deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the DNA sequence)
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

27. Gene Mutations Activity Part II
Complete Part II of the Gene Mutations Activity by comparing substitution & frame-shift mutations
Part II Review:
Original DNA Sequence
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

28. Gene Mutations Activity Part II
Substitution Mutations
Original DNA Sequence
Substitution
Changes the Amino Acid
Substitution/ Silent Mutation
Does not Change the Amino Acid
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

29. Gene Mutations Activity Part II
Frame-Shift Mutations
Original DNA Sequence
Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

30. Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.3.11 Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab
Double Block
Homework:
Pass in the codons and amino acid decoding practice homework
Complete Part II of the Computer Lab
Do Now:
Which type of genetic mutation (deletion, substitution, or insertion) seems to have the biggest impact on a gene and why?.
Today’s Objective:
Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

31. Reviewing Genetic Mutations

32. Gene Mutations Activity Part II
Substitution Mutations
Original DNA Sequence
Substitution
Changes the Amino Acid
Substitution/ Silent Mutation
Does not Change the Amino Acid
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

33. Gene Mutations Activity Part II
Frame-Shift Mutations
Original DNA Sequence
Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

34. Protein Synthesis Computer Lab

35. Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab
Procedure:
Log onto
Scroll down to the middle of the homepage and click on the link entitled “Are you ready to transcribe a DNA sequence and translate it into a protein?”
A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Transcribe the DNA strand by entering the corresponding RNA bases for the original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the screen.
Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a flashing box will appear around the “start” codon.
Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the mRNA sequence has been Translated.
Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part I as you complete the lab.
Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part II after the computer portion of the lab is completed.
Transcription
Translation
Objectives for Class:
Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

36. Remember R-groups?

37. Complete Part II of the Lab
Be sure Part II is completed on a separate sheet of paper!

38. Bio 9B: Monday, 3.8.10 Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study
Homework:
Study for Quiz Tomorrow!!!
Type the Background Information section of your lab report for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school)
Do Now:
Which of the different mutations has the biggest effect on the amino acid sequence? What effect does this have on the protein? What would happen to an enzyme that experienced this type of mutation?
Today’s Objective:
Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

39. Gene Mutations Activity Part II
Frame-Shift Mutations
Original DNA Sequence
Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Objectives for Class:
Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

40. Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder
Read through the Introduction to the lab.
Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder
PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story
In small groups brainstorm the Background Information needed for this lab
You should have 2 parts:
General genetics background info
Info related to sickle cell anemia
Come back together as a class to brainstorm final list
Objectives for Class:
Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

41. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.9.10 Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations
Homework:
Type the Background Information section of your lab report for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school)
Do Now:
Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz…
Today’s Objective:
Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA

42. Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.11.10 Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study
Homework:
Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion sections of your lab report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday, at the start of class!!!!
Do Now:
Whole Class – Brainstorm Background Information Section.
Today’s Objective:
Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia
Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

43. Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Background Information Brainstorm
Genetics Topics:
Genes- what they do and how they make traits
DNA-molecule that carries genetic info
Chromosomes-DNA makes up chromosomes [optional]
Nucleotides-the pattern of them
Proteins-how they are made from genetic codes
Transcription and Translation
How are proteins made? [amino acids]
The sequence of amino acids
Amino acids make up the structure of the protein. The structure of the protein determines the function.
Vocabulary- Codon’s etc.
Gene Expressions [optional]
Mutations [briefly describe3 different types]
Sickle Cell Topics:
Definition: genetic disorder-hereditary –mutates the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body.
Definition of hemoglobin
The impact of sickle cell on the body.

44. Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
First Half of Double Block
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder…
Write the purpose of the lab
Develop your hypothesis based on the purpose
Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene by transcribing and translating them.
Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene
Complete the analysis and conclusion sections of the lab report.
Objectives for Class:
Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia

45. Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Second Half of Double Block
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Individual Work Time…
Two Options:
Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and revise your other sections
Guided peer review of Background Information section
Objectives for Class:
Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia
Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

46. Bio 9B: Friday, 3.12.10 Title: Sickle Cell Case Study – Lab Report Peer Review
Homework:
Complete the Sickle Cell lab report revision for Monday.
Complete the Bio-Blog homework for Tuesday (Meiosis Vocab):
Do Now:
Divide class into peer editing teams.
Today’s Objective:
Peer review and complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report