1. - And its affect on Protein synthesis
Mutations
- And its affect on Protein synthesis

2. Application
Learning Outcome B8 -2 It is expected that students will: - use examples to explain how mutations in DNA change the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain and as result may lead to genetic disorders.

3. Definitions
mutation:
A change in the sequence of bases within the DNA

5. Types – Frameshift Mutation
One or more nucleotides is inserted or deleted from the DNA
Example: TAC GGT TAG, insert C into the 4th spot:
TAC CGG TTA G
The original DNA coded for which amino acids?
DNA: TAC GGT TAG
mRNA: AUG CCA AUC
amino acids: methionine – proline - isoleucine
The mutated DNA now codes for which amino acids?
DNA: TAC CGG TTA G
mRNA: AUG GCC AAU C
animo acids: methionine – alanine - asparagine

6. Types– Point Mutations
a change in a single nucleotide within the sequence
Example: TAC CCA,GAC replace 2nd A with a C
TAC CCC,GAC
The original DNA coded for which amino acids?
DNA TAC CCA,GAC
mRNA: AUG GGU CUG
amino acids: methionine – glycine - leucine
The mutated DNA now codes for which amino acids?
DNA: TAC CCC,GAC
mRNA: AUG GGG CUG
animo acids: methionine – glycine - leucine

7. Definitions - Gene Mutation
What effect does changing the amino acids have on the protein product?
Changes the shape. Since shape determines function, it alters how the protein will function.

8. Proteins: Shape determines Function!

9. Question - Gene Mutation
Which has the potential for the most damage, frameshift mutations or point mutations? And why?
Frameshift – all amino acids are affected after the addition or deletion

10. Application
Learning Outcome B8 - 1 It is expected that students will: - give examples of two environmental mutagens that can cause mutations in humans.

11. Definitions Mutagens Environmental influences that cause mutations
Brainstorm a list
Here are some examples:
Radiaton: radioactive elements, ultraviolet (UV) light, X rays
Organic chemicals: cigarette smoke, pesticides