1. Nutrients + oxygen  water + ATP + CO2
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: Process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP in plants and animals
Nutrients + oxygen  water + ATP + CO2
Changes the chemical energy in glucose into the chemical energy in ATP

2. Cellular Respiration There are three stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Anaerobic – does not require oxygen
Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic – does require oxygen
Electron Transport Chain

3. Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate and 4 ATPs (Net gain of 2 ATP)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
This reaction uses enzymes and takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
ATP
Glucose
Enzymes + 2 ATP
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate and 4 ATPs (Net gain of 2 ATP)

4. Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate and 4 ATPs (Net gain of 2 ATP)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis Animation
Produces
2 pyruvic acid molecules (used in the next step of Cellular Respiration)
2 ATP molecules (energy the cell can use)
ATP
Glucose
Enzymes + 2 ATP
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate and 4 ATPs (Net gain of 2 ATP)

5. Into the Mitochondria…
Before the next step of Cellular Respiration can occur, the pyruvic acid molecules must go into the mitochondria.
The two aerobic reactions are the Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle) and the electron transport chain (or ETC).
Pyruvic acid  CO2 + water + ATP

6. THE KREB’S CYCLE ATP NADH + FADH e - Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle)
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
CO2

7. Electron Transport Chain ETC Animation
Electron Transport Chain uses the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to pass electrons down the protein chain and slowly release energy that is used to form ATP and water molecules

8. Electron Transport Chain
Cellular Respiration
2 ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
CO2
Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvic Acid
ATPs
NADH and FADH
Water
NADH and FADH
Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen
ATPs

9. Cellular Respiration Equation Cellular Respiration Video
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Carbon Dioxide – waste product of the Citric Acid Cycle
Water – released from Electron Transport Chain
Glucose made in photosynthesis by plants or consumed by animals
Used in Glycolysis
ATP released from Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen from the atmosphere Used in Electron Transport Chain
Between ATP can be made with this process. This ATP can be used by the cells for cellular metabolism.

10. Fermentation
When oxygen is not available (anaerobic respiration) fermentation can follow glycolysis in order to continue to produce energy.
This is not as efficient as aerobic respiration and produces far fewer ATPs

11. Fermentation Two types of fermentation: Lactic acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation

12. Lactic acid Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells during strenuous exercise when a lot of energy is required and oxygen is scarce (oxygen debt).
Glucose  pyruvic acid  lactic acid + ATP

13. Lactic acid Fermentation
The lactic acid is transferred from the muscle cells to the liver where it will be converted back to pyruvic acid.
The build up of lactic acid in the muscles is what causes them to be fatigued and sore.

14. Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeast and some bacteria cells are capable of alcoholic fermentation during which glucose is broken down to release CO2 and ethyl alcohol
Glucose  pyruvic acid  alcohol + CO2 + ATP

15. Alcoholic Fermentation
The bubbles formed by the CO2 make bread rise
The alcohol released turns grape juice into wine

16. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
Stores Energy as glucose
Releases Energy in glucose
Occurs in Living Cells
Uses an Electron Transport Chain
Occurs in Plant Cells
Occurs in Animal Cells
Releases Oxygen
Releases Carbon Dioxide
Creates Energy           
Neither!