1. Homeostasis and Transport
BIO.A Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy transformations.
BIO.A Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.
BIO.A Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).
BIO.A Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).

2. Homeostasis - The regulatory process in which an organism regulates its internal environment.
Homeostatic Mechanism - A regulatory mechanism that contributes to maintaining a state of equilibrium (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, and oxygen regulation).
Thermoregulation – Controlling the temperature of the body.
Water regulation – Controlling the water intake and loss by the body.
Oxygen regulation – Controlling the levels of O2 in the body.

3. Organelles and Structures that maintain Homeostasis
Nucleus - A membrane‐bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity of the genetic material and, through the expression of that material, controlling and regulating cellular activities.
Plastids - A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.
Mitochondrion - A membrane‐bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells; site of cellular respiration.
Chloroplasts – Type of plastid that carries Chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.
Plasma Membrane - A thin, phospholipid and protein molecule bilayer that encapsulates a cell and controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell through active or passive transport.

4. Organelles and Structures that maintain Homeostasis (continued)
Ribosome - A cellular structure composed of RNA and proteins that is the site of protein synthesis in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - An organelle, containing folded membranes and sacs, responsible for the production, processing, and transportation of materials for use inside and outside a eukaryotic cell. There are two forms of this organelle: rough ER that has surface ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of proteins mostly destined for export by the cell and smooth ER that has no ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of lipids and steroids as well as the transport of synthesized macromolecules.
Golgi Apparatus - An organelle found in eukaryotic cells responsible for the final stages of processing proteins for release by the cell.

5. Necessary Vocabulary
Carrier (Transport) Proteins - Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules into and out of cells; also known as transport proteins.
Concentration Gradient - The graduated difference in concentration of a solute per unit distance through a solution.
Impermeable - Not permitting passage of a substance or substances.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. ATP releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group.
Cell - The basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. Cells have three common components: genetic material, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Eukaryotic cells also contain specialized organelles.
Concentration - The measure of the amount or proportion of a given substance when combined with another substance.
Organelle - A subunit within a cell that has a specialized function.

6. The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane
The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Carbohydrates attached to lipids (glycolipids) and to proteins (glycoproteins) extend from the outward-facing surface of the membrane.

7. Passive Transport - The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy.
Diffusion - The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; a natural result of kinetic molecular energy.
Osmosis - The movement of water or another solvent through permeable membranes from an area of higher water concentration (dilute) to an area of lower water concentration (concentrated).
Facilitated Diffusion - A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy

8. Diffusion
The passive movement of molecules or particles down a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration. Sometimes referred to as simple diffusion.
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9. Osmosis
A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. Sometimes referred to as a type of diffusion.
Hypertonic – term used for a solution or region with a higher concentration of solute molecules. Water always tries to move to a hypertonic solution.
Hypotonic – term used for a solution or region with a lower concentration of solute molecules.
Isotonic – term used for solutions or regions with equal concentrations of solute molecules.

10. Facilitated Diffusion
The process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a cell's membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins called permeases.
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11. Active Transport - The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration that uses energy provided by ATP or a difference in electrical charges across a cell membrane.
Endocytosis - A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.
Exocytosis - A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.
Pumps (Ion or Molecular) - Any of several molecular mechanisms in which ions or molecules are transported across a cellular membrane requiring the use of an energy source (e.g., glucose, sodium [Na+], calcium [Ca+], and potassium [K+]).

12. Endocytosis
The movement of large food particles, macromolecules, fluids or entire microorganisms into the cell. Most chemical substances important to cells are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane by passive means. Endocytosis includes pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating).

13. Exocytosis
The movement of large waste particles or macromolecules out of the cell. Exocytosis typically occurs when a vesicle or vacuole move to the plasma membrane, merge with it and expel their contents.

14. Protein Pumps
Type of active transport that requires integral proteins through the plasma membrane to “pump” materials through.
The most well known is the Sodium Potassium Pump
Na+ /K+ -ATPase is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane of all animal cells. The Na+ /K+ -ATPase enzyme is a solute pump that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells, both against their concentration gradients
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