1. Unit 9
CHAPTER 35
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NUTRITION SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2. Which gas is needed by all cells?
A. SULFUR C. CARBON DIOXIDE
B. HYDROGEN D. OXYGEN

3. Digestive System
Function – breaks down food so nutrients can be absorbed by the body

4. Digestive System
Function – breaks down food so nutrients can be absorbed by the body
Ingests food, breaks down food, and eliminates what cannot be digested

5. Digestion
Mechanical
Chemical

6. Digestion
Mechanical – chewing food to break down, smooth muscles churn food in stomach and small intestine.
Chemical

7. Digestion
Mechanical – chewing food to break down, smooth muscles churn food in stomach and small intestine.
Chemical – enzymes break down large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed

8. Digestive System

9. Peristalsis
Food moves through the digestive system in a process where smooth muscles contract rhythmically
Starts in the Esophagus and follows all the way through stomach, small intestine and large intestine

10. Pancreas
Function
Produce enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Produce hormones

11. Liver The largest internal organ of the body
Function – produces bile, which helps to break down fats
1 L every day
Excess is stored in the gallbladder

12. Stomach Three overlapping layers of smooth muscle Break down food
Mix it with secretions of the glands
Acidic pH 2
Pepsin enzyme digests proteins
Material resembles tomato soup

13. Small Intestine 7 meters long and 2.5cm in diameter
Most absorption occurs
Dependent on accessory organs (pancreas, liver, gallbladder)
Villi absorption structure
Chyme, material cannot be digested

14. Large Intestine 1.5 Meters long Colon, rectum, appendix
Bacteria that produce vitamin K and B
Absorb water from the chyme

15. Time for Digestion Digestive Structure Primary Function
Time Food in Structure
Mouth
Mechanical, Chemical Digestion
5 – 30 seconds
Esophagus
Transport (swallowing)
10 seconds
Stomach
2 – 24 hours
Small Intestine
3 – 4 hours
Large Intestine
Water Absorption
18 hours – 2 days

16. Nutrition
Chapter 35.2

17. Nutrition
Certain nutrients are essential for the proper function of the body

18. Nutrition
Certain nutrients are essential for the proper function of the body
The process by which person takes in and uses food

19. Calorie Unit used to measure the energy content of food
Equals 1 kilocalorie
Heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1o

20. Carbohydrates Cereal, pasta, potatoes, strawberries, rice
Sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose are simple carbohydrates found in fruits, soda and candy
Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars provide energy for cells
Excess sugar is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen

21. Fiber Complex carbohydrate Doesn’t digest
Helps keep food moving and with elimination of wastes

22. Fats Most concentrated energy source Building blocks
Protect some vital organs
Transport vitamins
Digested in the small intestine to fatty acids and clycerol

23. Proteins Basic structural components of all cells
Amino acids build proteins
Enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, membrane receptors
Broken down to amino acids
Human body requires 20 (12 synthesized in bodies)

24. Food Pyramid

25. Vitamins organic Needed for metabolic activities
Help enzymes function well

26. Minerals In-organic compound
Building material, involved with metabolic functions
Calcium component of bones and involved with muscle and nerve functions

27. Nutrition Labels
Provide information useful for monitoring fat and sodium intake
Based on a 2000 Calorie diet

28. Summary Energy content of food is measured in Calories
Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are three major groups
Carbohydrates are major source of energy
Fats and proteins provide energy and building blocks
Vitamins and minerals are essential for proper metabolic functioning

29. Endocrine System
CHAPTER 35.3

30. Opener Which one of the kidney functions conserves water in the body?
A. Absorption
B. Filtration
C. Reabsorption
D. Breathing

31. Homework #1
Which hormones are released from nerve cells rather than endocrine glands?
A. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
B. Growth hormone and thyroxine
C. Insulin and glucagon
D. Norepinephrine and epinephrine

32. Homework #2
Which person is likely to have high levels of epinephrine?

33. The Endocrine System
Chapter 35.3
Works like

34. The Endocrine System Communication system Made up of glands
Produce hormones

35. Hormone
A substance causes a response

36. Endocrine System
Thyroid
Kidneys
Adrenal glands
Testis/ovary

37. Action of the Hormones
Glands produce
Acts as a communication system

38. Endocrine Glands Produce hormones Released into blood stream
Distributed

39. Hormones Steroid hormones Estrogen, testosterone
Target cells to initiate protein synthesis
Soluble in lipids
Diffuse across membrane
Attach to DNA
Activates specific gene
Amino acid hormones
Insulin , growth
Amino acid
Bind to plasma membrane
Sends signals

40. Negative Feedback
Thermostat

41. Negative Feedback Thermostat – works the same
Once a level has been reached it stops the production of hormones or ends communication

42. Endocrine Glands
To secrete hormones

43. Pituitary Gland Base of brain
Most important – regulate body and other glands
Human growth hormone (hGH) muscle & bone

44. Thyroid Thyroid – thyroxine
causes cells of the body to have a higher rate of metabolism
Thyroid – Calcitonin
Regulates calcium in the body needed for bone formation blood clotting and nerve function

45. Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the bones to release calcium

46. Pancreas
Digestive enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Insulin signals body cells to accelerate the conversion of glucose to glycogen
Glucagon sends signals to convert glycogen to glucose

47. Pancreas

48. Normal Levels of Sugar

49. Adrenal Glands Outside cortex
Aldosterone signals kidneys to reabsorb salt
Cortisol – raises blood glucose levels and reduces inflammation
Inside
Adrenaline
Norepinephrine - both increase heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, sugar levels

50. Link to the Nervous System
Regulating activities of the body
Maintain homeostasis

51. Working outside on a hot day
Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body

52. Working outside on a hot day
Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) – hormones

53. Working outside on a hot day
Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) - hormones
Stored in axon endings in pituitary gland

54. Working outside on a hot day
Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) - hormones
Stored in axon endings in pituitary gland
When it’s hot you sweat, hypothalamus will detect you are dehydrated releases ADH

55. Working outside on a hot day
Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) - hormones
Stored in axon endings in pituitary gland
When it’s hot you sweat, hypothalamus will detect you are dehydrated releases ADH
ADH travels to kidneys signal to reabsorb H2O