1. Cellular Respiration

2. Cellular Respiration Overview
Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use: ATP
These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. Process is called cellular respiration
Overall Reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Overview:

3. Cellular Respiration Overview
Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm: the liquid matrix inside the cell
At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways
Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation)
Aerobic cellular respiration

5. C.R. Reactions Glycolysis
Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon glucose molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate
Process is an ancient one-all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way
Yields 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down
Yields 2 NADH per glucose molecule
Animation:

7. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Oxygen required=aerobic
2 more sets of reactions which occur in a specialized structure within the cell called the mitochondria
1. Kreb’s Cycle
2. Electron Transport Chain

8. Kreb’s Cycle Completes the breakdown of glucose
Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O
Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2
Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up the coenzymes with H+ and electrons which move to the 3rd stage
Animation:

10. Electron Transport Chain
Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase).
As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP
Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water
Animation:

12. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen
Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds
No oxygen used= ‘an’aerobic
Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis.
End products such as ethanol and CO2 (single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)

13. Fermentation
Releases energy from glucose without the presence of oxygen.
There are two types of fermentation: alcoholic and lactic acid.
Alcoholic fermentation is done by yeasts and some microorganisms. It produces alcohol & Carbon Dioxide
Lactic Acid is produced by muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen.
Animation:

16. Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
Glycolysis ATP
Kreb’s ATP
Electron Transport ATP
36-38 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

18. Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Function
Energy Storage
Energy Release
Location
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
Products
Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O