1. The Cell

2. What is a cell?
The basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
The basic building block of all organisms.

3. What are organelles? Humans have organs Cells contain organelles
These organelles are like tiny organs inside a cell.
For example: A nucleus acts like the brain of the cell.
Nucleus

4. History Robert Hooke – first to discover cells.
Looking at Cork under the microscope.

5. History
Schleiden
Botanist who said all plants are made of cells.

6. History
Schwann
Zoologist who said all animals are made of cells

7. History
Virchow
All living cells come only from other living cells.

8. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things
Living cells come only from other living cells.

9. What’s the difference anyway?
Theory
Tested and based on results, develop an idea that could explain the problem.
Can be proven true or false by others
Theory of Evolution, the BIG Bang Theory
Law
Doesn’t need to be tested, because we KNOW it to be true
Each time, it has the same outcome
The law of gravity

10. Organization of an organism

11. Basic Structures of a cell
All cells share certain structures that make them a cell
All cells must contain at least 4 basic structures to be considered a living cell
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
-- DNA
Cytoplasm

12. The Cell Cell Membrane: 1. ALL CELLS
2. Separates the cell from the outside environment
3. The membrane is what makes a cell… a cell.

13. The Cell Ribosomes: 1. ALL CELLS 2. Found in the cytoplasm & on E.R.
3. Proteins are made here from DNA instructions to carry out the functions of life

14. The Cell Cytoplasm: 1. ALL CELLS 2. The ENVIRONMENT of the
cell. All organelles float in it

15. TWO TYPES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTES – DO NOT contain a NUCLEUS or membrane bound organelles
Ex: bacteria
EUKARYOTES – DO CONTAIN A NUCLEUS and contain membrane bound organelles.
Ex: animal and plant cells

16. The Cell Nucleus: 1. Animal & Plant Cells 2. Center of the cell
Control Center
of the cell

17. The Cell Cell Membrane: 1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Controls the movement of
material into & out of the cell
3. Selectively Permeable – chooses what enters and exits the cell

18. Cell transport - Diffusion
the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration
Does not require Energy; happens naturally
Passive Transport****
Equilibrium
when the molecules are even throughout a space

19. Passive Transport: No energy
Concentration Gradient - change in the concentration of a substance from one area to another.

20. Active Transport
Requires Energy
Low to high concentration

21. Osmosis 75 % of cells is water
the diffusion of water (across a membrane)
Water will move in the direction towards where there is a high concentration of solute (and hence a lower concentration of water)
Does not require Energy; happens naturally

22. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endo = In
Exo = Out
Sections of the membrane “swallow” substances and bring them into or out of the cell

23. Review: Producers Producers get their energy from the sun.
Producers convert this light energy into stored chemical energy (glucose).
This process is called photosynthesis.

24. Review: Consumers Consumers get their energy from the producers.
Consumers convert stored chemical energy (glucose) into usable chemical energy (ATP).
This process is called cellular respiration.

25. Cellular Respiration (aerobic)
Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down to release energy for making ATP, another form of chemical energy.

26. Aerobic Respiration – Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O H2O + 6 CO ATP
food
(glucose, a carbohydrate)
oxygen
water
carbon
dioxide
Does this look familiar?

27. Chemical Equations Photosynthesis: Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy (sun) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy (ATP)

28. Why ATP? An analogy to money…
Glucose in our food is a great source of energy! ($100 bill)
However, individual cell processes may only require a small amount of energy ($1 bill)
Analogy: most vending machines do not accept $100 bills! We need a smaller form of “currency” for these processes.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is this important cellular “currency” for life.
ATP releases more appropriate amounts of energy for the individual cellular processes that require energy.

29. Do only animals respire? Or do plants respire too?
The BIG Question is…
Do only animals respire?
Or do plants respire too?
Only plants perform photosynthesis
Plants AND animals perform cellular respiration!
(Can you explain why??)

30. Site of Cellular Respiration
Plant and animal cells contain mitochondria: cell structures that transform chemical energy from glucose to ATP.

31. Significant ATP Production
Aerobic cellular respiration releases energy SLOWLY, using oxygen to convert ONE molecule of glucose to 36 ATP!

32. Cellular Metabolism & Energy
Cellular Respiration
Process where organisms use food to make usable energy for cells
Step 1: Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm
Step 2: Oxygen helps Energy captured to be changed into ATP for cellular use in the mitochondria

33. The Cell Mitochondria: 1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. RESPIRATION occurs here (use of oxygen to break down food particles for energy)
3. Makes ENERGY for the cell.

34. 2 types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Requires Food & Oxygen
Water and CO2 are waste products
Food + Oxygen
CO2 + Water + ATP
Energy not used is stored as fat

35. 2 Types of Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)
Does not require Oxygen (anaerobic)
Yeast cells used to make bread
Creates CO2 (makes bread rise) , alcohol (for beer, wine, champagne)

36. The Cell Vacuoles: 1. In Plants (LARGE) & Animal
2. Floating in the cytoplasm
FOOD, WATER, and
Waste are STORED here

37. The Cell Lysosomes: 1. Mostly Animal 2. Floating in the cytoplasm
Digests food or Recycles old or dead cell parts

38. Protein Synthesis

39. Protein Production
Process where organisms use the instructions in DNA to make proteins for specific jobs in or outside the cell
Step 1: DNA is translated into a protein by the ribosomes
Step 2: Proteins are processed and transported in the ER and packaged in movable vacuoles called vessicles and shipped to needed locations inside/outside the cell by the golgi bodies.

40. The Cell Ribosomes: 1. Animal & Plant Cells 2. Found in the
cytoplasm & on E.R.
Proteins are made here
Using instructions from DNA

41. The Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.): 1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Found around the nucleus and throughout the cytoplasm
3. Transports materials in the cell (TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM)

42. The Cell Golgi bodies: 1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Floating in Cytoplasm
3. Package & Ships cell materials

43. Major differences between a plant and animal cell
Plant cells have a cell wall – animal cells do not.
Plant cells have chloroplasts – animal cells do not
Plant cells have a much larger vacuole than animal cells
Animal cells have lysosomes, plants do not

44. The Cell Chloroplast: 1. Plant Cells 2. Floating in Cytoplasm
3. Makes food for cell
(Photosynthesis – captures
ENERGY IN SUNLIGHT)
4. Contains CHLOROPHYLL
To absorb sunlight

45. The Cell Cell Wall: 1. Plant Cells – NOT IN ANIMALS!!
2. Gives plant cells its shape
STRONG to provide
Structure and support

46. Lysosomes
You will find organelles called lysosomes in nearly every animal-like eukaryotic cell. They hold enzymes that digest ot break down food or worn out cell parts.

47. Cellular Metabolism & Energy
Photosynthesis
Process where plants use light for food
Step 1: Energy in the form of sunlight is captured by the chlorophyll in the chloroplast
Step 2: Energy captured is changed into food for plant

48. Photosynthesis REMEMBER – PLANTS STILL COMPLETE RESPIRATION!
Sunlight + CO2 + Water
Glucose (food) + O2
REMEMBER – PLANTS STILL COMPLETE RESPIRATION!

49. 2 3 1 4 5 6 10 7 9 8 Review: Is this a plant or animal cell?
Label the numbers 2 3 1 4 5 6 10 7 9 8

50. The Cell 1 2 3 4 5
Nucleolus 10 6 9
Cytoplasm 7 8

53. Ticket at the door – 5 points
Number your paper from 1 – 5. Answer the questions.
What two organelles are unique to plant cells?
Does a prokaryotic cell have a nucleus? Yes or no
Does active transport require energy? Yes or no
What two things are needed to preform cellular respiration?
Do all cells preform cellular respiration? Yes or no