1. Homework OLD: Hand in the dopamine sheet Returned: 3 people NEW:
Complete the 46 mark test
Try and do under exam conditions
Then go over in different coloured pen using books/notes to make it 100%

2. Lesson planning
Lessons 1 and 2 Individual revision of respiration using selected resources
Lesson 3 HSW together
Lesson 4 Respiration test/mark

3. Respiration revision
This is a session where you are going to work at your own pace, completing the activities that enable you to tick all of the respiration learning outcomes ALL: We will end the session with a respiration test The following tasks need to be completed:

4. Respiration revision tasks
To be completed by all using the resources that suit you
There are PowerPoints each with a choice of activities to ensure you are confident with the content and then exam questions.

5. PowerPoints 1-10 Why do living organisms need to respire? Coenzymes
Glycolysis
Structure and function of Mitochondria
The link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis, evaluating the evidence for chemiosmosis
Anaerobic respiration in mammals and yeast
Respiratory substrates
HSW: Practical

6. Other resources The Biochemistry of respiration Chemiosmosis
Key terms mix and match
Respiration poster: add to/use as revision
Revision question cards
Extension: Respiration Bio factsheet
Resources on website
Pick 9 words: Plenary

7. What do we know about Respiration – G.C.S.E
Respiration is the process through which we get energy and requires both sugar and oxygen
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water + (Energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O +( ) E

8. Learning outcomes:
Outline why plants, animals and microorganisms need to respire – with reference to active transport and metabolic reactions.
Describe with the aid of diagrams the structure of ATP.
State that ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes.

9. Respiration:
Respiration is the release of chemical potential energy stored in complex organic molecules (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) is used to make ATP.
It occurs in all living cells

10. What is energy? Energy exists as potential energy (stored)
And kinetic energy (movement)
Energy:
Cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
Is measured in joules or kilojoules
Has many forms? Light, sound, heat, electrical, chemical and atomic

11. Background
Food is the source of all energy for animal activity. (absorbed/stored in body)
With the help of enzymes, a cell systematically degrades (breaks down) complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy to simple, low energy products.
Some of the energy taken out of the complex molecules is used to do work, the rest is dissipated (lost) as heat.

12. Cellular Respiration
Occurs as a series of linked, enzyme-catalysed reactions.
These reactions can be grouped into three main stages
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

13. Cellular Respiration – The importance of ATP
The most important product of cellular respiration is ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate P H O OH N
CH2 O-
NH2
phosphoanhydride bonds
adenine
ribose

14. The structure of ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide
(similar to the structure of DNA and RNA)
Phosphate and sugar and a base. Most like RNA. 14

15. ATP ATP The universal energy currency!
Adenine base
ATP
Ribose sugar
ATP The universal energy currency!
ATP provides the energy for all cellular reactions
ATP can be broken down into ADP + Pi by the addition of water=hydrolysis reaction
Catalysed by ATPase
30.6kJ energy released for every mole of ATP hydrolysed
Some lost as heat, rest for any energy requiring biological activity.
(reversible: phosphorylation of ADP to ATP requires 34kJ energy!)

16. ATP .... ATP cannot be stored in large amounts
So more ATP must be produced when needed
This means energy is immediately available to cells in small, manageable amounts that will not damage cell OR be wasted!
SO the function of respiration is to release chemical energy in organic molecules such as glucose for the formation of ATP
Respiration occurs in many small steps
(You use 25-50kg ATP each day BUT there is only 5kg ATP present in your body at any one time)
Constantly being hydrolysed and resynthesised!

17. Metabolism Metabolism
All reactions that take place within the organism
Anabolism
Build up of larger, more complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones
Catabolism
Breakdown of complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones
Releases energy

18. Some processes that use ATP: Think?
Muscle contraction, active transport: sodium potassium pumps, movement of ions against a conc gradient, cell division, protein synthesis, secretion (exocytosis), endocytosis, synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones, replication of DNA and organelles before division, movement

20. Why ATP acts as an energy store...
When 1 phosphate group is removed from each molecule in one mole of ATP, 30.5 kJ of energy’s released
This is a hydrolysis reaction (requires water), and is catalysed by enzymes called ATPases
ATPase
Water
This shows that the products of the reaction are ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group (Pi) with
Energy released
(30.5KJ mol-1)
ADP Pi 20

21. The energy released from hydrolysis of ATP
adenosine diphosphate
adenosine monophosphate 21

22. ATP is useful as an energy carrier (currency) because it cycles.
It also “packages” the energy released from respiration into useful amounts, that will not damage the cell or be wasted. 22

23. Respiration provides the energy required for the condensation reaction that converts ADP  ATP
i.e. For each 30.5KJ mol-1 of energy that is released by hydrolysis of ATP the same energy must also be input from respiration to reform the ATP.
The energy for condensation reaction comes from the chemical energy stored in Glucose. 23

24. Respiration How it all fits together
Glucose (high stored chemical potential energy )
Respiration
Energy Heat
ATP
ATP
Chemical Energy
Energy
Transferred
Condensation
Hydrolysis
ADP
ADP
Carbon Dioxide
+ Water
(low stored chemical potential energy )

25. Task Choice Review pages 80-81
Complete the ATP summary sheet ‘ATP in metabolism’
2 ATP questions in the pack complete (Adenosine tri-phosphate….part a (i) and (ii) and Figure 1.1 represents a molecule of ATP (a) (i) and (ii)
Complete exam questions on the next slide

26. Questions: 14 marks
ATP is useful in many biological processes. Explain why. 4 marks
Plants produce ATP in their chloroplasts during photosynthesis. They also produce ATP during respiration. Explain why it is important for plants to produce ATP during respiration in addition to during photosynthesis. 5 marks
Write a simple equation to show how ATP is synthesised from ADP. 1 mark
Give two ways in which the properties of ATP make it a suitable source of energy in biological processes. 2 marks
Humans synthesise more than their body mass of ATP each day. Explain why it is necessary for them to synthesise such a large amount of ATP 2 marks

27. Markschemes 1. Releases energy in small / manageable amounts;
1.   Accept less than glucose
2.      (Broken down) in a one step / single bond broken;
2.   Accept easily broken down
3.      Immediate energy compound / makes energy available rapidly;
4.      Phosphorylates / adds phosphate;
4.   Do not accept phosphorus or P on its own
5.      Makes (phosphorylated substances) more reactive / lowers activation energy;
6.      Reformed/made again;
6.   Must relate to regeneration
4 marks

28. 2.      
In the dark no ATP production in photosynthesis;
In context of in photosynthetic tissue / leaves
2.Some tissues unable to photosynthesise / produce ATP;
3. ATP cannot be moved from cell to cell / stored;
4.Plant uses more ATP than produced in photosynthesis;
5. ATP for active transport;
6. ATP for synthesis (of named substance);

29. 3
ADP + Pi → ATP;
Both sides correct, but allow other recognised symbols or words for phosphate ion. Reject P unless in a circle.
Accept = as equivalent to arrow
Accept reversible arrow
Ignore any reference to kJ/water

30. 4 1. Energy released in small/suitable amounts; 2. Soluble;
3. Involves a single/simple reaction;
1. In context of release, not storage. Ignore producing energy/manageable amounts.
2. Reject "broken down easily/readily". Reject "quickly/easily resynthesised".

31. 5
1. ATP is unstable; 2. ATP cannot be stored / is an immediate source of energy; 3. Named process uses ATP ; 4. ATP only releases a small amount of energy at a time; 3. Accept processes such as active transport, muscle contraction, glycolysis. Reject answers such as keeping warm, movement, respiration, metabolism, growth.