1. 4/28 Daily Catalyst CR Review
1. Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation?
A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Electron transport chain
D) Production of proton gradient
2. During which cellular process listed to the right is ATP formed via substrate-level phosphorylation?
l. Glycolysis
II. Krebs Cycle
III. Fermentation
A) I only
B) I and II only
C) I and III only
D) I, II and III

2. Math review-Mrs. Ireland 4/21 Ecology Erica 4/22 Evolution John
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
4/20
Math review-Mrs. Ireland
4/21
Ecology
Erica
4/22
Evolution
John
Daquine
4/23
Transport
Daniel
4/24
Cells-organelles
Tiana
Tiffany
4/27
Photosynthesis
Quinshelle
4/28
Cellular respiration
4/29
DNA/RNA
Bristin
4/30
Genetics/pedigree/punnett squares
Tiffany Kiandria
5/1
Mitosis/meiosis
Kordell
5/4
Rep/trans/transcript
James, Joe, Paul
5/5
5/6
5/7
5/8
5/11
AP Test Day!
5/12
5/13
Pig Dissection
5/14
5/15
Dissection
Presentation
Class review questions
Individual review
questions
HW or WS acceptable!

3. ATP H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ADP H+ P thylakoid membrane thylakoid space
stroma
ATP synthase e-
NADPH
NADP+ e-
Photosystem I (P700)
Photosystem II (P680)
5000 e-
4999 e-
5000 e-
5000 e-
5000 e-
4999 e-
This “animation” walks through the steps of noncyclic electron flow, as outlined on the previous 3 slides. The “5000 e-” is meant for illustrative purposes only; no matter how many electrons were contained in photosystems II and I, if there was no way to replace those electrons, eventually the number of electrons would be 0. If that were to occur, there would no electrons to be excited by light, and the light reactions would grind to a halt. The electron that was “excited away” from photosystem I is replaced by the electron that was “excited away” from photosystem II; photosystem II’s lost electron is replaced through photolysis – the splitting of water – which releases ½ a molecule of O2 as a byproduct. This is where the oxygen comes from that is produced during photosynthesis, and is why autotrophs need water to perform photosynthesis! The oxygen is released through the stomata. The electron that was excited away from Photosystem I ends up reducing [adding an electron to] NADP+ to form NADPH, an important electron carrier that is needed in the Calvin Cycle.
Make sure to point out to students the coupled reactions that occur; as the electron travels down the electron transport chain, its “lost energy” is used to pump protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space to build a concentration gradient. Then, as those protons diffuse back across the thylakoid membrane through ATP synthase to achieve equilibrium, they cause ATP synthase to spin (like a turbine), which forces ADP and the phosphate group together, forming ATP.
Don’t forget to point out that the membrane is key here! If there was no thylakoid membrane (or if its integrity was disrupted and therefore “leaky”), it would be impossible to build this concentration gradient – not to mention that the cytochromes, photosystems, and ATP synthase would not exist/be functional!
Make sure to make the connection with “osmosis” when discussing “chemiosmosis;” for students who understand the idea of the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (as in osmosis), discuss the idea that this is essentially the same process, just with protons (H+) instead of water molecules. H+ H+ H H H+ O H+ H+ H+ H+ e- H+ O H+
(2 H+ & ½ O2)

4. Phase 2: The Calvin Cycle
CO2
Rubisco
ATP
RuBP
NADPH
- This simple schematic diagram gives a basic overview of what occurs during the Calvin Cycle. Carbon dioxide enters the cycle from the atmosphere and is joined to RuBP by Rubisco. NADPH and ATP are used to “turn” the cycle, and organic compounds (such as G3P/PGAL) are produced.
NADP+
ADP P
ORGANIC COMPOUND

5. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis
An overview of cellular respiration
Figure 9.6
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Glycolsis
Glucose
Pyruvate
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis
Oxidative
Mitochondrion
Cytosol

6. Energy investment phase
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP
2 ATP
4 ATP
used
formed
Glucose
2 ATP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4
2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H +
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H +
Figure 9.8
Key Point #2: Glycolysis consists of two major phases
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
Key Point #3: Glycolysis begins with glucose

7. A closer look at the energy investment phase

8. 2 ATP molecules are invested. Need money to make money!
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate H OH HO
CH2OH O P
CH2O
CH2 C
CHOH
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Isomerase
Glycolysis 1 2 3 4 5
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Citric
acid
cycle
Figure 9.9 A
2 ATP molecules are invested.
Need money to make money!

9. A closer look at the energy payoff phase

10. 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 NAD+
NADH 2
+ 2 H+
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
P i P C
CHOH O
CH2 O–
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
2 ATP
Phosphoglycerokinase
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglyceromutase
CH2OH H
2-Phosphoglycerate
2 H2O
Enolase
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate kinase
CH3 6 8 7 9 10
Pyruvate
Figure 9.8 B
4 ATP molecules are produced.
4- 2(energy investment phase)= 2 ATP left!

11. Key Point #4: Glycolysis ends with 2 pyruvate molecules

12. 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 NAD+
NADH 2
+ 2 H+
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
P i P C
CHOH O
CH2 O–
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
2 ATP
Phosphoglycerokinase
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglyceromutase
CH2OH H
2-Phosphoglycerate
2 H2O
Enolase
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate kinase
CH3 6 8 7 9 10
Pyruvate
Figure 9.8 B

13. Substrate-level phosphorylation
Key Point #6: Substrate-level phosphorylation:
Enzymes transfer a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP ATP
Occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Figure 9.7
Enzyme
ATP
ADP
Product
Substrate P +

14. Before the citric acid cycle can begin, Pyruvate must first be converted into Acetyl CoA
Key Point #3: Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA. 1 CO2 and 1 NADH are created.
(2) pyruvates 2 Acetyl CoA’s = 2 CO2 and 2 NADH
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
NADH
+ H+
NAD+ 2 3 1
CO2
Coenzyme A
Pyruvate
Acetyle CoA S
CoA C
CH3 O
Transport protein O–
Figure 9.10

15. An overview of the citric acid cycle
ATP
2 CO2
3 NAD+
3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
FAD
FADH2
Citric acid cycle
CoA
Acetyle CoA
NADH
CO2
Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose)
Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation
Figure 9.11
The CAC also known as the Krebs Cycle for the scientist that solidified the steps of the cycle, is an eight series cycle that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. This is a cycle that will only occur in the presence of oxygen. Pyruvate from the glycolysis step, will need to converted into Acetyl CoA before CAC can begin. During this conversion which occurs in the intermembrane space, both pyruvates are converted into Acetyl CoA’s and a molecule of CO2 is produced per pyruvate and an NADH is produced per pyruvate. Thus far, we have seen CO2 produced as a waste product and released!

16. A closer look at the citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA
NADH
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Malate
Fumarate
Succinate
Succinyl
CoA
a-Ketoglutarate
Isocitrate
Citric
acid
cycle S SH
FADH2
FAD
GTP
GDP
NAD+
ADP
P i
CO2
H2O
+ H+ C
CH3 O
COO–
CH2 HO HC CH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Glycolysis
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
Figure 9.12 X2
Key Point #4: FADH2
Coenzyme
Electron shuttle
Not as energetic as NADH
Figure 9.12
We do not need to memorize EVERY step of the CAC, but we can take notice that first this is a cycle! It goes round and round! Also, this eight step process would not be possible without enzymes at every step speeding up conversions! This step of cellular respiration is NOT a huge maker of ATP like glycolysis, but we do see some ATP made here and production of NADH and FADH2 which will make a lot of ATP in the next step. The cycle will occur twice since there are two Acetyl CoA molecules.

17. Key Point #3: ETC- Proteins
1. NADH delivers electrons to complex 1
2. Electrons will be passed from complex 1 to complex IV (oxidation and reduction!)
3. FADH2 delivers electrons to complex 2
4. Complex IV passes ALL electrons to Oxygen
5. Oxygen forms H2O

18. Key Point #4: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Electrons are passed to oxygen, forming water
H2O O2
NADH
FADH2
FMN
Fe•S O
FAD
Cyt b
Cyt c1
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3
2 H + + 12 I II
III IV
Multiprotein complexes 10 20 30 40 50
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol)
Figure 9.13

19. Electrons from FADH2 are added
Key Point #5: Electrons from FADH2 are less energetic . They will produce 1/3 LESS energy!

20. Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+
P i +
ADP
ATP
A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise when H+ flows past it down the H+ gradient.
A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary.
A rod (for “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob.
Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic
Phosphate to ADP to make ATP.
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Figure 9.14
Key Point #6: ATP synthase
Is the enzyme that actually makes ATP

21. HW

22. Homework