1. ENERGY

2. EATING!
When we eat, our food is broken down in our bodies to get energy out.

3. Energy – The ability to do work
Where does energy come from?? Food Energy in food comes from? SUN

4. Chemical Energy Living things use chemical energy.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy.
***All organisms must have ATP in order to function.

5. ATP ATP – The universal energy molecule for all cells.
ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate
A molecule made of 5 smaller molecules bonded together:
Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphate groups

6. How does ATP give cells energy?
Energy is released by breaking the bonds.
Example: those candies that you break apart and they have the little pieces of candy in them.
ENERGY!!!

7. Energy Cycle
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) – consists of adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphate groups
Energy is continuously cycled in the biochemical pathway as ATP is converted to ADP and then ADP is converted into ATP.

8. It is recharged
ADP uses energy and gains an extra P and is recharged back to ATP
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

9. ATP Summary Energy is released when the phosphate bonds are broken.
Energy is stored (ATP rebuilt) when the phosphate bonds are formed.
***All organisms must have ATP in order to function.

10. Chemical Reactions are Always Occurring in Cells!
Reactants: Substances that are used during a chemical reaction.
Products: The substances made after a chemical reaction.
The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called the cell’s METABOLISM

11. Energy is taken in, stored and used differently by different organisms

12. Light energy from the sun is used by plants to make glucose in a process called photosynthesis

13. Energy from glucose is used by organisms to make more energy in a process called cellular respiration.

14. Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
Autotrophs: organisms that make their own food (Ex. Plants)
Heterotrophs: obtain energy from the food they consume (ex. People).

15. Photosynthesis & The Leaf

16. Overview
Who?  plants
Where?  chloroplast

17. Photosynthesis
** If any of the reactants are missing  photosynthesis will not occur.

18. Pigments – capture light energy
Chlorophyll – the main pigment found in most producers.
Absorbs red and violet light; reflects greens and yellows.
Located in the chloroplasts of plants and algae
Other pigments reflect colors such as reds, yellows, and oranges (leaves and fruits)

19. Inside the chloroplast
Thylakoids –membranes that contain chlorophyll and proteins that absorb light
Stroma: liquid portion inside chloroplast

21. Two steps of photosynthesis

22. 1. Light Dependent Reactions
-Where?  Thylakoid Membranes
-What?  Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll (excites electrons) and water is split by light.
-Why?  to provide ATP for step 2!

23. Light Reactions LIGHT WATER
The “photo” part!
LIGHT
WATER
Purpose: to take sunlight and turn it into chemical energy (ATP)
LIGHT REACTIONS
Needs chlorophyll!
ATP
OXYGEN

24. 2. Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) (Dark reactions)
Where?  stroma
What?  Takes ATP from step 1 and CO2 and makes GLUCOSE!

25. Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction)
The “synthesis” part
CARBON DIOXIDE
ATP
Purpose: to take carbon dioxide and make glucose
CALVIN CYCLE
GLUCOSE

26. NADP+ ADP Light Reactions Calvin Cycle
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP P i
Light
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
[CH2O]
(sugar) O2

27. Photosynthesis (continued)
Light
Dependent
Light
Independent
1._____________ 2._____________
REACTION REACTION
(Calvin Cycle)
NEED: NEED:
PRODUCES: PRODUCES:
PURPOSE: PURPOSE:
Light / water
ATP / CO2
Oxygen / ATP
glucose
H2O
To change light
to chemical energy
ATP
To make glucose
From ATP and
CO2 O2

28. Photosynthesis Who  Plants Where  Chloroplast
Job – to make food and oxygen
Plants take in….water, carbon dioxide, sunlight
Plants put out….oxygen, glucose

29. CO2 O2
Light
H2O
Sugar O2
H2O and minerals
CO2

30. Photosynthesis ENERGY #1 Source of Energy = _____________
Cell Energy = _____________
“ ____________ ____________”
Who  P
Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate
Where 
Job to make __________+__________
Energy stored in bond
Plants take in .
Plants put out .
ENERGY
Release Energy 
Store Energy 
Remove –P leaves A-P-P
ADP
Reactant (in)
Product (out)
Which has more Energy? ____________
Why-
Sun E  Chem EFood E
Made in the ____________________

31. Photosynthesis ENERGY Sun #1 Source of Energy = _____________ ATP
Cell Energy = _____________
“ ____________ ____________”
Adenosine triphosphate
Who 
Plants P
Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate
Where 
Chloroplasts
food
oxygen
Job to make __________+__________
Energy stored in bond
Plants take in .
Plants put out .
ENERGY
Release Energy 
Break bond O2
CO2
Store Energy 
Make bond
H2O
C6H12O6
Sun E
Remove –P leaves A-P-P
ADP
Reactant (in)
Product (out)
Remove –P leaves A-P
AMP
6CO2 + 6H20 + E  6O2 +C6H12O6
ATP
Which has more Energy? ____________
Why-
More P-P bonds
Sun E  Chem EFood E
mitochondria
Made in the ____________________

32. Leaves and leaf parts

34. Mesophyll Ground tissue in leaves (meso = middle, phyll = leaf)
Contains chloroplasts

35. Mesophyll
Mesophyll

36. Xylem and Phloem
Xylem – carries water
Phloem – carries nutrients

38. Stomata (singular – stoma)
Tiny openings in the underside of the leaf – function – gas exchange!

40. Guard Cells
Cells that open and close the stomata

41. Fig
Figure An open stoma (left) and closed stoma (LMs)

42. Guard cells turgid/Stoma open Guard cells flaccid/Stoma closed
(a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view)

44. Epidermis
Outer layer of leaf cells.

45. Cuticle
Waxy covering of leaf

47. Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
Amount of sunlight
Amount of water
Amount of carbon dioxide

48. Chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis: The process by which some organisms, such as bacteria, produce energy through a chemical reaction.
Ex. Organisms found near deep sea hydrothermal vents use hydrogen sulfide coming out of seafloor in vent fluids to create energy.
Equation:
Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis: CO2 + O2 + H2S → CH2O + S + H2O

49. How do our bodies take food and make it into energy?

50. What types of organisms undergo cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration occurs in ALL living cells!

51. What are some of the things that our body does that requires energy?
Physical Activities
Running
Playing sports
Pumping our hearts
Cellular Activities
Sending messages to our brain
Transporting molecules in and out of our cells

52. Cellular Respiration

53. Cellular Respiration WHO??  ALL living organisms!!
The process by which food (glucose) is broken down to produce ATP
WHO??  ALL living organisms!!

54. Aerobic Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + E Aerobic – WITH OXYGEN!

55. Electrons carried via NADH ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation
Fig
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Cytosol
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation

56. Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2
Fig
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
Glucose
Pyruvate
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation

57. Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2
Fig
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
Glucose
Pyruvate
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
ATP
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation

58. 1. GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

59. Glycolysis Anaerobic – no oxygen Glucose broken down to Pyruvic Acid
Uses 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP
Net ATP is 2
Not very effective

60. Fig. 9-UN5
Inputs
Outputs 2
ATP
Glycolysis + 2
NADH
Glucose 2
Pyruvate

61. After Glycolysis…
In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion

62. 2. Citric Acid Cycle (AKA Kreb cycle)
Series of steps to modify the pyruvate and create ATP…in this process CO2 is released as waste.
2 ATP made

63. 2. Citric Acid Cycle Pyruvate CO2 NAD+ CoA NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA CoA
Fig. 9-11
2. Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD+
CoA
NADH
+ H+
Acetyl CoA
CoA
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle 2
CO2
Figure 9.11 An overview of the citric acid cycle
FADH2
3 NAD+
FAD 3
NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP

64. 3. The Electron Transport Chain
Electrons fall down a gradient and are used to create ATP
Produces 32 ATP
So: AEROBIC RESPIRATION PRODUCES ATP (very effective)

65. Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis
Fig. 9-16 H+ H+ H+ H+
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
Cyt c V Q
 
ATP synthase 
2 H+ + 1/2O2
H2O
FADH2
FAD
NADH
NAD+
ADP + P
ATP
Figure 9.16 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis i
(carrying electrons
from food) H+ 1
Electron transport chain 2
Chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation

66. INTER- MEMBRANE SPACE H+ ATP synthase ADP + P ATP MITO- CHONDRIAL
Fig. 9-UN7
INTER-
MEMBRANE
SPACE H+
ATP
synthase
ADP + P
ATP i
MITO-
CHONDRIAL
MATRIX H+

67. Fig. 9-17
CYTOSOL
Electron shuttles
span membrane
MITOCHONDRION
2 NADH or
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 NADH
6 NADH
2 FADH2
Glycolysis
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis 2
Pyruvate 2
Acetyl
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Glucose
+ 2 ATP
+ 2 ATP
+ about 32 or 34 ATP
Figure 9.17 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration
About
36 or 38 ATP
Maximum per glucose:

68. COMPARISON Food synthesized Food broken down
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Food synthesized
Food broken down
Energy from the sun stored in glucose
Energy of glucose released
Oxygen given off
Oxygen taken in
Produces sugars from and oxygen
Produces CO2 and H2O
Requires light
Does not require light
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll and in the chloroplasts of plants
Occurs in mitochondria of plants and animals
Carbon Dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off

69. Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs when no oxygen is available
Also called FERMENTATION
Only produces 2-4 ATP

70. Alcoholic Fermentation
Glucose  ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP
who?? YEAST  used in beer brewing, wine making, and baking
Produces: Ethyl Alcohol and CO2

71. (a) Alcohol fermentation
Fig. 9-18a
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP i
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 NAD+
2 NADH 2
CO2
+ 2 H+
Figure 9.18a Fermentation
2 Acetaldehyde
2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation

72. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose  lactic acid + 2 ATP
Lactic acid fermentation by some bacteria is used to make yogurt
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce
Produces: soreness/pain in muscles

73. (b) Lactic acid fermentation
Fig. 9-18b
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP i
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 NAD+
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 Pyruvate
Figure 9.18b Fermentation
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation

75. but 2 ATP (with the help of glycolysis)
Recap!!
Glycolysis:
Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, it is the first stage of cellular respiration.
Aerobic Process:
Occurs after glycolysis in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic Process:
Occurs after glycolysis without oxygen
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Oxygen
No oxygen
Makes 36+ ATP
Makes 0 ATP
but 2 ATP (with the help of glycolysis)

76. Cell Respiration Mitochondria (1st Step) Occurs in the cytoplasm
Breaking down Organic compounds to make ATP (energy) to be used by the cell.
Enters the cell by Facilitated Diffusion
2 ATP (in)
(1st Step)
Occurs in the cytoplasm
4 ATP(out)
If enough O2
If NOT enough O2
Mitochondria

77. Cell Respiration Mitochondria Pyruvic Acid C6H12O6 2 ATP
Breaking down Organic compounds to make ATP (energy) to be used by the cell.
Enters the cell by Facilitated Diffusion
C6H12O6
(glucose- organic compounds)
2 ATP
2 ATP (in)
Glycolysis (1st Step)
Occurs in the cytoplasm
4 ATP(out)
Pyruvic Acid
If enough O2
If NOT enough O2
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
2 ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation
Kreb Cycle
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Mitochondria
CO2
34 ATP
CO2
Ethanol
ETC
Lactic Acid
H2O

78. Cellular Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Where Job to make ________ IN
OUT
Also called ______
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Reactant (In)
Product (Out)
Notice:
Alcoholic Fermentation
CO2 O2
Food
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis

79. Cellular Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic oxygen No oxygen Where
mitochondria
Makes 38 ATP
Makes 2-4 ATP
Job to make ________
ATP IN
OUT
Also called ______ O2
CO2
fermentation
C6H12O6
H2O
E-ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Reactant (In)
Product (Out)
Glucose  Energy + Lactic Acid
6O2 +C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H20 + E
Does not produce as much energy as aerobic Respiration
Products of Photosynthesis are reactants in Cellular Respiration
Notice:
Alcoholic Fermentation
CO2
Glucose Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy O2
Performed by yeast, utilized in the production of alcohol.
Food
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis