G. H. Schettler House Case Study

G. H. Schettler House Case Study
Originally constructed in 1904, the G. H. Schettler House in Salt Lake City, Utah, was completely rehabilitated in The work has won awards from the Utah Heritage Foundation and the Salt Lake City Historic Landmarks Commission. The project also qualified for the Utah Historic Preservation Residential Tax Credits. The house features approximately 2500 square feet of living space. © Robert. A. Young All rights reserved

Historic Preservation Building Conservation Neighborhood Revitalization Rehabilitation Tax Credits Environmental Controls Passive Solar Daylighting Thermal Mass Sustainability Energy Conservation Resource Conservation Urban Revitalization Reduce/Reuse/Recycle Enhance Livability The rehabilitation of the G. H. Schettler House (c. 1904) integrated these important concepts into the process.

The existing First Floor plan prior to the start of the construction in May, 2000. First Floor–Before May, 2000

The existing Second Floor plan at the start of construction in May 2000. Second Floor–Before May, 2000

Timeline 1904 Constructed 1936 Converted to five apartment units 1961 Resumed use as single family home 1994 Purchased by current owner 2000 Rehabilitated back to single family home 2001 Historic Landmarks Commission Award Utah Heritage Foundation Award Timeline was developed from archival research off site and oral interviews with previous owners/tenants.

Goals Model a Process Reduce Natural Resource Consumption/Increase Comfort Reduce Waste/Increase Recycled Content Reduce Hazardous Contamination Be Financially Competitive Overall goals.

Process Model Physical Assessment Performance Programming Schematic Design Design Review Construction Documents Construction Occupation/Commissioning

Building Envelope Clockwise from upper left: Deteriorated plaster beneath vinyl wall covering in kitchen; Deteriorated linoleum from upstairs family bath room; multiple layers of wall paper and paint found throughout the house; soiled and dislodged insulation in attic and crawlspaces. Physical Assessment

Left: upstairs hallway, note wall furnace at right…the only heat for the entire upstairs. There were no ducts to each room so onlythe hallway was warm. Center: Kitchen drain line nearly plugged with kitchen grease Right: Secondary power control panel for second floor. Each room on the second floor had only a single ceiling light with a combination switch and plug outlet on one box. Infrastructure Physical Assessment

Character Defining Features Much of the original wood work remained intact but had as many as 20 coats of paint. Physical Assessment

Character Defining Features The high ceilings allowed for ample daylighting. Despite the numerous conversions and layers of paint, much of the original woodwork remained intact. Physical Assessment

Building Chronology 1936 Tax photo showing original porch columns. Other photos used (not shown) included family photos from previous owners and occupants. 1936 SLC Tax Photo Physical Assessment

After the architectural research was completed on site, the original 1904 floor plans were recreated. Recreated Original 1904 Floor Plans Physical Assessment

The final construction documents were developed after the programming phase and design reviews had been completed. Construction Documents

Construction Demolition of the 1936 and 1960s era changes took the rooms back to their original configurations.

Construction The multiple layers of roofing materials were removed and new sheathing and shingles were installed.

Construction Soiled and ruined insulation and deteriorated plaster were replaced. Decades of accumulated coal dust and soot were removed to mitigate indoor air quality and future maintenance issues.

Construction The accumulated paint, much of it lead based, was removed and the woodwork components were catalogued and stored until reinstallation.

Reduce Natural Resource Consumption/ Increase Comfort Architectural Mechanical Thermal Control Plumbing Electrical/Lighting These aspects were included in the goal to reduce natural resource consumption and increase comfort.

Reduce Natural Resource Consumption/ Increase Comfort Before Rehabilitation Heating Load: 135,075 Btuh Cooling Load: 48,077 Btuh After Rehabilitation Heating Load: 85,564 Btuh (36.7% lower) Cooling Load: 37,275 Btuh (22.5% lower) The overall impact of the energy conservation measures projected to a significant potential reduction in both cooling and heating loads.

Architectural Brick construction Large/Tall windows The brick construction serves as a thermal mass to moderate temperature swings due to changing exterior conditions. The large tall windows provide solar access for passive heating and year-round daylighting.

Architectural Ceiling height Transoms Double-hung windows The double hung windows were made operable by removing accumulated paint. These windows now can be opened at the top and the bottom to allow cooler air to flow in the lower sash while warmer air flows out the upper sash. This method is particularly effective on summer evenings. Similarly, operable transom windows above doors can be used to permit daylight and air flow while provide a measure of privacy and security. Transoms can be used over interior and exterior doors to promote ventilation and cooling. In public buildings, fire codes may specific prohibit their use.

Architectural Operable skylight in stairwell To take advantage of the stack effect of warm air rising, a skylight was installed at the top of the stairwell. This acts as a natural vent for late spring, early summer, and early fall cooling needs. They may also be used during the peak summer cooling season when night time temperatures can provide free cooling. Although contemporary designs may have called for the removal of the wall above the sink and counter top shown on the left to create an open stairwell (the stairs are located just beyond this wall), the wall was retained to allow more control of air flow between the first and second floor. The door and transom windows located at the bottom of the stairs can be used to control airflow into the stairwell.

Architectural Window upgrades Existing storm windows were removed. New weather stripping was installed and the storm windows were reinstalled. Existing gaps were caulked. Several double hung windows on the second floor had to be replaced with casement windows to provide fire egress for bedrooms. Vinyl clad wood, simulated divided light, double paned windows

Architectural Insulation upgrades Attics and crawlspaces were insulated to exceed code requirements. This is the preferred alternative both in terms of cost effectiveness for energy cost reductions and aesthetics instead of replacing historic windows with modern vinyl replacement products.

Architectural Light colored roofing Light colored shingles were selected to reduce heat absorption and to aid in reducing contributions to the “urban heat island effect.”

Architectural Light wall color Light wall colors were selected to enhance the daylighting features of the house. Transoms and door glazing were used to allow light into the adjoining interior spaces.

Mechanical Thermal Control Central forced air furnace Split system air-conditioning Combustion air inlet The original heating system consisted of separate coal fired stoves in several rooms. These were later replaced by fireplace inserts and wall mounted furnaces when the building was converted to apartments in 1936 and later updated in the 1960s. A central gas-fired, forced air furnace with an inline air-conditioning coil now provides heating and cooling as needed. The air-conditioning system is typically only used in July and August. The furnace system also provides air filtration and humidification. Combustion air for the furnace is drawn directly from the outside through a combustion air inlet so that already warmed air is not used for this purpose.

Mechanical Thermal Control Two thermal zones Programmable thermostats The first and second floors were divided into two thermostatic zones to accommodate occupancy patterns and thermodynamic effects of “warm air rising.” The thermostats can be programmed to allow a lower temperature during unoccupied periods or at night during the heating season or conversely programmed to allow higher temperatures during the same periods during the cooling season.

Mechanical Thermal Control Gas-fired fireplace inserts Gas fired inserts in both front parlors can be used to warm these rooms without heating the remainder of the house when other spaces are not occupied. The combustion air is obtained directly from a vent at the rear of the insert so that warmed air is not allowed to escape up the chimney.

Mechanical Thermal Control Paddle fan in kitchen With high ceilings, air can become stratified with warm air migrating to the highest point in the space in the winter. In the summer, air can be directed directly downward to provide comfort ventilation. This paddle fan moves warm air down in winter and up in summer to relieve discomfort conditions in the occupied kitchen space below.

Mechanical Thermal Control Attic ventilation fan Ridge vents AN attic ventilation fan was installed to relieve heat from the attic. Thermostatically controlled, the fan activates when temperatures in the attic exceed ninety degrees. This in turn mitigates the radiant effect of the trapped heat from migrating into the second floor spaces below and thus reduces air-conditioning needs. Ridge vents were also installed as a passive ventilation measure. Although part of an original configuration to create a cold roof system, proposed soffit vents along the eaves were disallowed due to fire safety concerns by the building inspector. Cold roofs allow air to circulate between the roof and the occupied space and aid in the prevention of ice dams. In summertime, they can be used to reduce the heat gain from the roof assembly exposed to direct sunlight. Heat passing through the roof warms the air coming through the soffit vent and is carried away by the convective nature of warm air rising before it enters the occupied spaces inside the building.

Electrical/Lighting Daylighting Daylighting provides sufficient lighting levels throughout the day.

Electrical/Lighting Tasklighting Upgraded appliances Under-counter tasklighting and upgraded higher efficiency electrical appliances were used to reduce electrical costs.

Electrical/Lighting Programmable timers Automated controls Programmable times and motion sensors were used for exterior lighting control.

Plumbing Low flow water fixtures Low water use appliances DHW tank insulated L-R: high efficiency washer and dryer combination, low flow toilet, water tank insulation

Reduce Waste/ Increase Recycled Content Reduce demand for new materials Reuse existing materials Reduce landfill pressure Goals of the project.

Stewardship of the Built Environment
Case 1: Rehabilitate Original House New Materials Needed: 24.5 tons Construction Waste: 22.8 tons Total Material Stream: 47.3 tons 85.9% recycled content from original construction. Case 2: Build New House in the Suburbs New Materials Needed: tons Construction Waste: tons Total Material Stream: tons ~4X Case1 0% recycled content (no original construction to reuse). Case 3: Demolish House and Rebuild Comparable New House (but not a “Monster House”) New Materials Needed: tons Construction Waste: tons Total Material Stream: tons ~7.4X Case 1 0% or only nominal recycled content from original construction. Reduce Waste/ Increase Recycled Content This image demonstrates one of the largely unrecognized aspects of sustainability with regards to historic preservation: Historic Preservation reduces the amount of demolition and construction wastes and mitigates the use of new replacement materials. Case 1 data represents the approximate material streams (new materials + demolition wastes) that occurred in the G. H. Schettler House project. Building a new house in the suburbs (Case 2) would have a material stream approximately four times greater than the G. H. Schettler House project. Meanwhile, tearing down and building a comparable replacement house (Case 3) would increase the material streams by more than seven times the base case. The approximate weights of each material installed or demolished were computed and tabulated based on area takeoffs from the drawings or room surface measurements. Note: Case 3 would not likely occur as an exact replacement but instead would more likely occur as a “monster” house of significantly larger size.

Reduce Waste/Increase Recycled Content Percentage of Demolition Waste Material Total Weight Plaster/Lath Asphalt Roofing Wood (flooring, framing, etc.) Concrete Cedar Shingles Gypsum Board Ceiling Tile Aluminum Insulation Carpet Carpet Pad 100.0 The single highest source of demolition waste was the failing gypsum plaster and lath. This removal is often unnecessary in many rehabilitation projects. Unfortunately there were no gypsum recycling agencies available to recover this material.

Reduce Hazardous Contamination Asbestos Lead Indoor air quality Due to the age of the original construction and the time period of earlier updates, asbestos and lead are two high concerns in many older buildings. Samples of various construction materials were sent to a lab for analysis and no asbestos bearing products were found in the G. H. Schettler House. Similarly, no radon was present. However, all of the woodwork was found to have been painted with lead-based paint at some point or another. The main water service to the house was comprised of a lead pipe running approximately seventy feet from the city water line in under the street. The decision was made to install a whole-house water filter that specifically filtered lead from the water. Likewise, water hardness concerns led to the installation of a water softening system. Since the plumbing supply systems were corroded or had lead solder, new PEX lines were run to each new fixture. All existing piping and fixtures (none of which were original to the house) were removed. No other hazardous materials were identified during the project. L-R: Electrostatic filter, new PEX piping, water filtration and softening systems

Be Financially Competitive (2001) Project Cost: $215,000 $84.42/sf Tax Credits: $ 41,800 Net Cost: $173,200 $67.97/sf Overall Cost: $ 302,700 $119.13/sf Note: Average cost for new construction locally was >$150/sf. Average cost of new construction for comparable local housing was $150/sf (or higher). Project was financially competitive with and without the tax credits.

North Parlor After The front parlor was converted to a living room and the original sliding pocket door was secured shut in the 1936 apartment conversion. Fireplace tiles were replaced in the 1968 modernization and the overmantle was removed. Sliding door, woodwork, and fireplace tile were restored in 2001. Before

Dining Room Original double parlor with full width doorway was converted to living room and kitchen in Doorway was filled in with framing and drywall. Doorway was restored in 2001 and kitchen relocated back to original 1904 location. Before After

Kitchen Original kitchen was converted to a bedroom in 1936 and returned to use as a kitchen in 2001. Before After

Porch A window to the right of front door was converted to a doorway and then filled in with brick in 1968 when the front porch was “updated” with aluminum railings and a concrete floor, steps, and bulkhead. Note: brick infill, and concrete floor, steps, and bulkhead were left in place. Before After

Exterior Aluminum siding was removed, exterior brickwork was repaired and cleaned, and roofing was replaced. Before After

G. H. Schettler House Case Study

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