1. KaaS: Knowledge as a Service
Raj Reddy
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Nov 7, 2017

2. AI 1.0: Use of Knowledge in Problem Solving
An Intelligent System must
Learns from Experience
Use Vast Amount of Knowledge
Tolerate Error and Ambiguity
Respond in Real Time
Communicate with Humans using Natural Language
Search Compensates for Lack of Knowledge
Puzzles
Knowledge Compensates for Lack of Search
F=ma; E = mc2
Traditional Sources of Knowledge
Formal Knowledge: Learnt in Schools and Universities
Books, Manuals,
Informal Knowledge: Heuristics from Peoples
Human Encoding of Knowledge
Expert Systems
Knowledge Based System
Rule Based Ssytem

3. Major Breakthroughs in AI of the 20th Century
Enabled by Brute-force, Heuristics, Human Coding of Rules and Knowledge, and Simple Machine Learning (Pattern Recognition)
World Champion Chess Machine
IBM Deep Blue
Mathematical Discovery
Proof Checkers
Accident Avoiding Car
CMU: No Hands Across America
Robotics
Manufacturing Automation
Disaster Rescue Robots
Speech Recognition Systems
Dictation Machine
Computer Vision and Image Processing
Medical Image Processing
Expert Systems
Rule Based Systems
Knowledge Based Systems

4. AI 2.0: Extract and Use Knowledge from New Data Driven Knowledge Sources
Paradigm Shift in Science
First 3 Paradigms: Experiment, Theory, Simulation
Rutherford, Bohr, Oppenheimer
4th Paradigm: Data Driven Science
Create Next Generation AI systems
Data Driven AI systems
To Solve Previously Unsolved Problems
Previously Unavailable Sources of Data
Knowledge from Big Data:
Data Driven Learning of Models and Algorithms
Knowledge from Multiple (Cross) Media:
Social Media Intelligence Gathering
From All Language Sources
From All the Media: Text, Speech, Image and Video
Knowledge from Crowd Intelligence:
Global Brain: from Individual Intelligence to Collective Intelligence
Knowledge from Augmented Intelligence:
Human-Machine Hybrid Intelligence for Collaborative Problem Solving
Knowledge from Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles:
Intelligence from Collaborating Teams of Robots
Automatic Discovery of New Knowledge
Machine Learning using Big Data
Deep Learning

5. Major Breakthroughs in AI in 21st Century
Enabled by Big Data and Machine Learning
Language Translation
Google Translate: Any Language to Any Language
Speech to Speech Dialog
Siri, Cortana, Alexa
Autonomous Vehicles
CMU, Stanford, Google, Tesla
Deep Question Answering
IBM’s Watson
Robo Soccer
World Champion Poker
CMU Libratus
No Limit Texas Hold’em Poker
Cognition Amplifiers (Cogs) and Guardian Angels (Gats) are Examples of Use of AI 2.0 Technologies. They Need
Big Data Intelligence
Cross Media Intelligence
Crowd Intelligence
Augmented Intelligence
UAV Intelligence

6. Cognition Amplifiers and Guardian Angels COGs and GATs for Everyone on the Planet
Cognition Amplifiers and Guardian Angels are two families of intelligent Agents that help with scarcity of attention problem
A Cognition Amplifier (COG) is a Personal Enduring Autonomic Intelligent Agent that anticipates what you want to do and helps you to do it with less effort
Buying and selling: Transact with multiple providers
Filter spam, understand and respond to actionable
News: Based on topic preferences, novelty, collaborative filtering
Banking: Monitor bank account, Credit Cards, Pay Bills
Travel: Flights, hotel, schedule disruptions, cancellations
A Guardian Angel (GAT) is a Personal Enduring Autonomic Intelligent Agent that Discovers And Warns You About Unanticipated Events That Could Impact Your Safety, Security, and Happiness
Just-in-Time Warnings: Hurricanes, Earthquakes, Extreme Weather
Accident Alerts and Rerouting; Transport Strikes
Scarcity of Essential Resources: Food, Energy, Water etc.
Each Person has Thousands of Cogs and Gats as Personal Assistants

7. What Gats and Cogs Are and Do
Thousands of Gats and Cogs help each person on the planet
including people affected by language-divide and literacy-divide
for routine tasks such as purchasing, productivity, play games, and
for demanding tasks such as problem solving, explanation, negotiation, and discovery
Autonomic - Always On
Humans usually not in the loop
Cogs in Cloud - Not on Smart Phone
Gigabit Wireless leads to Infinite Memory and Bandwidth?
Invisible Computing (on Body) replaces Laptops and Smart Phones
Conserve Human Attention
buy human assistance as needed thru crowd sourcing?
Multimodal communication among Cogs
Context Adaptive
Continuous Monitoring of Location, Touch, Smell, Taste, Speech, Vision
Learning algorithms (continuously adapting)
Lifelong Adaptation and Learning (Temporal)
Problem Solving (Tasks): Clarification Dialog and Confirmation
Speech Centric

8. Guardian Angel For Health
Monitor Life Support Parameters
Using Improvised Smart Phone
Using a Low Cost Version of Apple Watch and Fitbit
Body Media Implant or Capsule in the Future?
Analyze the Data for Tell Tale Signals
Notify and/or Warn the User of Impending Problems
Guardian Angel Service Providers For Health
Devices, Tools and Gat Apps

9. Guardian Angels For Education
Keystroke Activity Monitoring Exposes Student Learning Behavior
Attendance
Paying Attention or Playing games?
Learning Speed
Problem Solving Speed
Valuable Tool for Student, Parents and Educators
Timely Notifications and Warnings
Guardian Angel Service Providers For Education
Devices, Tools and Gat Apps

10. Guardian Angels For Emergencies Provide the Right Information to the Right People
At the Right Time
In the Right Language
I the Right Medium: Voice, Video and/or Text
In the Right Level of Detail

11. AI 2.0 Enables Knowledge as a Service(KaaS)
Knowledge as a Service to provide Cognition Amplifiers (COGs) and Guardian Angels (GATs) for Everyone on the Planet
COGs personalized and mass customized agents as part of KaaS for
Buying and selling: Transact with multiple providers
Filter spam, understand and respond to actionable
News: Based on topic preferences, novelty, collaborative filtering
Banking: Monitor bank account, Credit Cards, Pay Bills
Travel: Flights, hotel, schedule disruptions, cancellations
GATs are personalized and mass customized agents as part of KaaS for
Just-in-Time Warnings: Hurricanes, Earthquakes, Extreme Weather
Act as Coach in Health and Education Matters
Accident Alerts and Rerouting; Transport Strikes
Scarcity of Essential Resources: Food, Energy, Water etc.

12. Necessary Conditions for Success in KaaS Industry Development
Infrastructure
Instrument Data Sources
People
Places and
Things
Computing Power: Processor, Memory and Bandwidth
Multi Farm Cloud Computing
Super Computers for Processing
Zettabyte (1021 Bytes) Storage Farms
Million Gigabit bandwidth
Machine Learning and Analytics

13. KaaS will Lead to New Breakthroughs and New Industries
Continuous Monitoring of Sensors on the User Smart Phone Enables Activity Monitoring of the “Opt-In” Subset of Humankind
Activity Patterns of the User (and Others with Similar Profile) can be Used to Infer User Intentions
Intention Awareness enables Creation of Personal Guardian Angels (Gats) and Cognition Amplifiers (Cogs)
Cogs are created by continuously monitoring multimodal sensors on modern smart phones, and discovering and interpreting user activities and intentions thru non-intrusive learning technologies.
The Activity Monitoring System non-intrusively adapts and creates personalized Cogs using Cog Templates from the Platform providers and Cog developers
Gats are created by monitoring Global, National and Local events and Sources of Interest and discovering and interpreting their potential impact to the individual user and notifying the user at the right time in the right medium.
Gats and Cogs enable Automation of Much of the Human Work and Daily Personal Activities Than One-size-fits-all Apps
Maxim is “Activity Monitoring” enables “Intention Awareness” enable “Gats and Cogs” enables “80%+ Automation”

14. Specialties of Future Emerging Industries: AI 2
Specialties of Future Emerging Industries: AI 2.0 Based Guardian Angels and Cognition Amplifiers
Personal: Emerging Industries for Personal Needs
Health
Education
Food Security
Energy Security
Water Security
Other: Medicine/Pharmaceuticals, Shelter/Housing, Sanitation
National/Local: Emerging Industries for Smart Cities and Smart Villages
Transportation
Telecom/Smartphone/Communication/WiFi
Banking
Entertainment
Shopping
Global – Emerging Industries for Unplanned Events (Black Swans)
Earthquakes/Tsunami
Typhoons/Hurricanes/Cyclones
Fire
Flooding

15. Scalable Sustainable Affordable Personal Guardian Angels
By 2020, Everyone on The Planet Has Access to a Smart Phone with Global Connectivity
A Smart Phone is Expected to Cost $50
Every Man, Woman And Child will have Access to 16GB+ of Space on The Cloud from Facebook, Google And Microsoft
Everyone on The Planet Has Access to
Unlimited Computation, Memory and Bandwidth
Language divide and literacy divide limits access to the internet-enabled solutions to many people in the world.
Providing the right information in the right language and right medium enables scalability to all the people on the planet.
Sustainability and Affordability are natural consequences of exponential reduction in size and cost of Information Technology.
By 2020, a smart phone is expected to cost $20. Every Man, Woman and Child will have Access to 16GB+ of Space on The Cloud from Facebook, Google and Microsoft, enough to host all personal information in your own secure privacy protected area accessible only to you and your Guardian Angel.
Language divide and literacy divide limits access to the Internet enabled solutions to many people in the world. Providing the right information in the right language and right medium enables scalability to all the people on the planet..
Sustainability and Affordability are natural consequences of exponential reduction in size and cost of Information Technology.

16. Affordability
Free Sensor Intensive Smart Phone to Every Person on the Planet: Current cost of $200/Unit
Estimated 2020 Cost per Unit of $50
Assuming 8B population
One per Family of 4? One per Person?
Expected Global Cost $100 to $400 Billion
0.1% to 0.4% of the Gross World Product
Funding from Government and Other Stakeholders
Smart Phone Manufacturers
Telecom Service Providers
IT Product and Service Companies
Increase in Economic Activity and Productivity
Expected Payback Time: Less than 1 year
The big elephant in the room is the cost of enabling the global reach of Guardian Angels, getting the right information to every person on the planet! We begin with the assumption that every person on the planet will have access to a free sensor intensive smart phone which in 2014 might cost $200. Assuming a global population of 8 billion and assuming the cost of a feature rich smart phone is about $50, the cost of providing a smart phone to everyone on the planet is about $400 billion. If each family has one smart phone initially then the startup cost can be under $100 billion. These numbers represent 0.1% to 0.4% of gross world product.
Like other essential infrastructures such as water, electricity and roads, a smart phone for everyone on the planet should be treated as necessary infrastructure. In addition to partial funding from governments, other stakeholders should bear some of the initial costs such as smart phone manufacturers, telecom service providers, and IT product and service companies. The resulting increase in economic activity and productivity can be expected to result in the recovery of the entire cost in less than one year.

17. …and Privacy
A Facebook of Guardian Angels Are Able To Share Anonymized Knowledge Using Publish/Subscribe Mechanisms Of Social Networking, and
Enabling Each Guardian Angel to Learn and Predict What Events Are Likely To Impact their Protégé
A Guardian Angel Knows the Location Information of The Protégé at All Times so as to Provide an Alert and/or a Detailed Notification. If Needed, It Must Be Able to Turn-on The Smart Phone.
No Privacy Breach Since Each Guardian Angel only Shares Information Already Known to the Service Provider
A Facebook of Guardian Angels are able to share anonymized knowledge using publish/subscribe mechanisms of social networking and enabling each Guardian Angel to learn and predict what events are likely to impact their owner. No breach of privacy is expected since each Guardian Angel only shares information already known to the service provider suitably anonymized. A Guardian Angel knows the location information of the owner at all times so as to provide alerts and/or a detailed notification. If needed, it must be able to turn-on the smart phone of the owner to deliver urgent information.

18. Technology Challenge
Creation of Guardian Angel Technologies for providing the right information to every man, woman and child on the planet can lead to a Humane Society
While the cost appears to be prohibitive, on a per capita basis it represents less than 0.1% of GWP.
A Social Network Of Guardian Angels that can anticipate and share potential disaster scenarios can save 50% to 80% of all accidental deaths in the world
and save millions of lives and hundreds of billions of dollars of property damage every year
In conclusion, the creation of Guardian Angel Technologies for providing the right information to every man, woman and child on the planet in a timely manner can eliminate surprise and reduce human suffering and misery. While the cost appears to be prohibitive, on a per capita basis it represents less than 0.1% of the Gross World Product. A social network of Guardian Angels that can anticipate potential disastrous incidents in the life of each person on the planet, and warn and take protective actions may be able to save 50% to 80% of all accidental deaths in the world. This would result in saving over millions of lives and hundreds of billions of dollars of damage to property every year. That is certainly the most important research computer scientists could be doing in the 21st century. And it is certainly the most influential research project that the Honda Foundation could undertake.

19. Potential Economic Impact of AI 2.0
Every person on the planet will be able to perform many daily habits more effectively using Gats and Cogs
Daily habits (routines, activities) include a wide spectrum from routine tasks (such as banking and travel planning) to tasks too difficult for the user
Over 80% of all human activity will done by Cogs by 2020
7 Billion People Market Vs 2 Billion Today
Ultimately Humans Could be 10 Times More Efficient and Effective
Global GDP is $100 Trillion
Even 10% improvement will lead to $10T additional wealth creation
Gat and Cog Eco System Requires Platform Providers, App Providers, and Agents for Personal Customization
All of Whom Would Benefit from the Additional Wealth Creation