1. 46 23
Same: size, shape, genes XY XX
smaller

3. Gene Expression Environment can affect phenotype being expressed
HIMALAYAN RABBIT – temp causes activation and deactivation of fur color genes
Low temp = black fur
High temp = white fur

4. Double helix
replicate A T G C A T G C A U G C

6. DNA REPLICATION Ability to copy code instructions in DNA
Single strand is a template
New subunits attach to template to create a new strand
Needed for cell division and new offspring during reproduction

7. RNA Single strand Found in nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome
Complementary base pairing
A - U
G - C
Sequence of bases codes for specific amino acid (codon)

8. 3
nucleus
ribosomes
RNA
mRNA
tRNA
protein
shape
function
function

9. Amino
bases
acids
shape
function

10. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS STEP 1: nucleus = DNA codes of mRNA, enzymes needed
STEP 2: cytoplasm = mRNA travels from nucleus through cytoplasm to ribosomes
STEP 3: ribosomes = tRNA moves amino acides to ribosomes for assembly of proteins, amino acids bonded in order specified by mRNA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION

11. Protein Synthesis: From nucleus to cytoplasm
transcription
DNA
mRNA
protein
translation
trait
nucleus
cytoplasm

12. Protein Synthesis: From gene to protein
cytoplasm aa
transcription
translation
DNA
mRNA
protein
ribosome
mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores U C A G
proteins synthesized by ribosomes using instructions on mRNA
trait
nucleus

13. How are the codons matched to amino acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
codon
UAC
Tyr
GCA
Ala
tRNA
CAU
His
anti-codon
amino acid

14. Let’s Review:
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA to RNA
nucleus
TRANSLATION
RNA to protein
ribosome

15. DNA
mRNA
tRNA or codon
Amino acid

16. Change in chromosome/gene sequence
Amino acids
Something that could cause mutations
Radiation, chemicals…etc

17. NONDISJUNCTION Addition of loss of 1 chromosome chromosomal mutation
abnormal separation during ANAPHASE 1 (meiosis)
Trisomy 21 – Down’s Syndrome

18. Mutations cause…..
different folding of proteins – cause protein malfunction
cells to die
mutated cells survive and replicate DNA = more cells mutated in body
can only be passed on to offspring if occur in sex cells
Disorders caused by mutations…
Sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis

19. Choose desirable trait for breeding
Alter genetic instructions
Restriction enzymes
protein
the same
Bacteria
Insulin
Human growth

20. Recombinant DNA
Isolated
gene
Plasmid
Mitosis

21. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
ISOLATED GENE
RESTRICTION
ENZYMES
PLASMID
RECOMBINANT DNA

22. + Sticky ends are exposed, glue genes together
gene from other organism +
recombinant plasmid
vector
Sticky ends
are exposed,
glue genes together
plasmid
transformed bacteria
grow bacteria

23. Why Genetic Engineering??
Insulin and other human hormones
Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
enabling plants to produce new proteins
Protect crops from insects: BT corn
corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn)
Extend growing season: fishberries
strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder
Improve quality of food: golden rice
rice producing vitamin A improves nutritional value

24. DNA fragments move
Largest to smallest

26. Isolated gene
Recombinant DNA
plasmid

27. Electric current, moving from large to small fragments
different banding patterns

28. There is no right answer for a choice
Radiation
uv Rays
chemicals

32. The diagram below represents a genetic procedure.
Which statement best describes the outcome of this procedure?
(1) Bacterial cells will destroy defective human genetic material.
(2) Bacterial cells may form a multicellular embryo.
(3) The inserted human DNA will change harmful bacteria to harmless ones.
(4) The inserted human DNA may direct the synthesis of human proteins.