1. The Living World: Ecosystems (Chapter 10)
                               

2. 1
Please write this.
Ecosystem – A community of living organisms interacting with one another and with the non-living components of the environment they inhabit. ST
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3. Examples of Ecosystems:
Forest
Lake
Aquarium
Island

4. Levels of Ecological Organization
Individual ( A Moose)
Level 2
Population (Herd of Moose)
Level 3
Community: (Herd + Birds + Squirrels + etc)
Level 4
Ecosystem : Living + nonliving components in the environment

5. 10.1 Interactions within Ecosystems
1 .1
10.1 Interactions within Ecosystems
Trophic Relationships:
The feeding connections among the living organisms in an ecosystem (a food chain).
Please write this.
Arrow =
direction of energy ST
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6. Simple food “chain”
Arrow =
direction of energy

7. More realistic food “web”

8. Autotrophs: Heterotrophs Please write this.
plants, algae & certain bacteria.
Make their own food (turn inorganic matter into organic matter)
Ex. plants make sugar through photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs
Cannot produce their own food.
Please write this.
Plants
Algae

9. Red tides Algal bloom caused by dinoflagellates.
A type of phytoplankton.
red or brown.
Happen in estuaries, sea or fresh water.
single-celled protists.

10. Are they all autotrophs? Which are not?

11. Producers Please write this. Autotrophs
Put energy into the food chain.
At the bottom of the food chain.

12. Consumers Please write this. Are heterotrophs
Feed on other living organisms and/or their products (eggs, fruit, other animals)
Please write this.

13. (More on consumers…) Please write this.
First order (or primary) consumers:
Herbivores (eat plants)
feed on producers
eg: a deer eats grass, birds eat seeds
Second order consumers:
Carnivores (eat meat)
feed on first order consumers
eg: a wolf eats a deer, a cat eats a bird
Third order consumers:
feed on second order consumers
Fourth order consumers:
feed on third order consumers etc. etc.

14. Omnivores: Please write this.
Consumers that eat several orders at once.
Ingest both plants & animals
bears eat berries & fish
humans eat grain & meat

15. Inorganic vs. organic matter
Matter that is not necessarily produced by living organisms. (e.g. Water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide)
Organic
Matter that enters into the composition of living organisms and that is usually created by them.
(e.g. proteins, carbohydrates, fats)

16. Decomposers – organisms that feed on the waste & remains of other living organisms.
Please write this.
Considered heterotrophs
Worms
bacteria,
insects
Feed on detritus (dead organic matter)
fallen leaves,
dead wood,
animal remains, etc)
Break down organic matter into inorganic matter.
Eaten by consumers

17. Trophic Network Consumers: 1st order 2nd order 3rd + order
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs

18. 10.2 Ecosystem Dynamics Please write these. Material and Energy Flow
1 .2
10.2 Ecosystem Dynamics
Material and Energy Flow
the exchange of matter and energy:
from one organism to another
between those organisms & their environment.
Law of conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be created or destroyed it can only be transferred.
Please write these.
The energy from the sun goes into the sugar that is made by the plants.
Animals eat the plants.
Animals eat other animals.
Decomposers eat their waste and make soil.
Plants use the nutrients in the soil to make the sugar again ST
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19. Chemical recycling
Decomposers make inorganic matter by breaking down organic matter.
Producers combine it with the sun’s energy.
Consumers & producers pass it onto the decomposers

20. Chemical Recycling of Energy
Go to p166 in the workbook please.
Decomposers
Detritus
Consumers
Producers
Flow of inorganic matter
Environment
Flow of organic matter

21. Energy Flow: the sun is the main source of energy for ecosystems
Thermal energy lost in the environment
Radiation energy
Primary
Consumer
Secondary
Consumer
Producer

22. 10.3 Biomass &Primary Productivity
1 .3
10.3 Biomass &Primary Productivity
Please write this.
Biomass =the total mass of organic matter in an ecosystem ST
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23. Please write this. Primary productivity:
is amount of new biomass made by producers
Factors affecting productivity:
Light
Amount of water
Essential nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium)
Climate
Please write this.

24. 10.4 Disturbances Please write this.2
Please write this.
Events that could damage the ecosystem.
Can eliminate organisms.
Can alter the availability of resources.
E.g. flooding, storms, oil spills, volcanic eruptions ST
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25. Natural Disturbances Please write this.
2.1
Please write this.
Events triggered by environmental phenomena (non-human)
storm churning waters = surface + subsurface waters to mix
volcanic eruptions,
drought,
flood,
forest fires,
frost,
freezing rain & heat waves ST
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26. Human Disturbances Please write this.
2.2
Human Disturbances
Please write this.
are a major threat to ecosystems.
individual acts such as littering to larger scale projects.
E.g. logging, mining, oil spills, housing projects, industries, pollution, etc. ST
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27. Ecological Succession
2.3
Please write this.
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession – the series of changes that occur in an ecosystem after a disturbance and that continue until the balance of the ecosystem is restored. ST
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29. In late summer: days shorten, temperatures go down, the veins that carry fluids into and out of the leaf slow down (less water & minerals) the chlorophyll begins to decrease.

32. Checkup Pg 342 # 1-15, A and C ST and AST Pg 342 # 1-26, A - C EST
Pg 342 # 18-23, B SE
Eco-sketch Complex Task (ST & AST)
Pg 323 – Vermicomposting from cafeteria (optional)