1. Introduction To Musculoskeletal System
DR. REHAN

3. Objectives Describe the musculoskeletal system
Enlist different functions of musculoskeletal system
Describe the primary functions of the various organs or structures
Explain the meaning of the basic terminology related to musculoskeletal system
Recall three different types of muscular tissue
Describe how muscles perform in groups
Define tendon, ligament and bursa
Identify clinical application related to muscular system

4. Functional Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System
The skeletal system consists of the specialized supporting connective tissues of the bony skeleton
Associated structures are cartilage, tendon and ligaments
Cartilage is the fetal precursor tissue in the development of many bones
Bone provides a rigid framework which protects and supports most of the soft tissues of the body
It acts as a system of struts and levers
Action of attached skeletal muscles, permits movement of the body

5. Bones of the skeleton are connected with each other at joints
According to their structure, allow varying degrees of movement
Skeletal muscles are attached to bone by strong flexible tendons which insert into bone tissue.
The entire assembly forms the musculoskeletal system
All its cells are derived from mesenchymal stem cells

7. General Classifications of Bones
Long Bones: "longer than they are wide"
Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals
Short Bones: carpals and tarsals: consist mainly spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
Allow movement, provide elasticity, flexibility, & shock absorption
Flat Bones:  ribs, sternum and scapula
Protect and provide attachment sites for muscles
Irregular Bones:  skull, pelvis, and vertebrae
Support weight, dissipate loads, protect the spinal cord, contribute to movement and provide sites for muscle attachment
Sesamoid Bones: a short bone embedded within a tendon or joint capsule, i.e. patella

9. Parts of long bone and joints
Diaphysis: main shaft like structure, its hollow cylindrical shape, its functions of providing strong support bone
Epiphysis: both end of long bone
A joint, or articulation, is a union of two or more bones
Fibrous joints, e.g. skull bones; immovable
Cartilaginous joints, e.g. intervertebral discs slightly movable
Synovial joints, e.g. limb joints freely movable
Synovial joints permit the greatest degree of flexibility
The ends of bones are covered with a connective tissue (synovial membrane) filled with joint (synovial) fluid

11. Typical Synovial Joint
Four main features:
joint capsule -  the joint enclosure, reinforced by and strengthened with ligaments
synovial membrane -  a continuous sheet of connective tissue lining the capsule
Its cells produce synovial fluid that lubricates the joint
Synovial fluid - produced by the synovial membrane, the fluid lubricates the joint
Hyaline (articular) cartilage - where the bones actually "meet"

14. Skeletal System: Overview
The adult skeleton is composed of 206 separate bones
Division of skeleton
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton: Includes the bones of: skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
These bones are involved in protection, support, and carrying other body parts

15. Appendicular skeleton
Bones of upper & lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach them to the axial skeleton.
Involved in locomotion and manipulation

17. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
Skull (28)
Facial Bones
Cranial Bones
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Frontal (1)
Occipital (1)
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Maxilla (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Mandible (1)
Nasal (2)
Platine (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer (1)

19. Auditory Ossicles: Malleus (2), Incus (2) and Stapes (2)
Hyoid (1)
Vertebral Column: Cervical vertebrae (7), Thoracic vertebrae (12), Lumbar vertebrae (5), Sacrum (1), Coccyx (1)
Thoracic Cage: Sternum (1), Ribs (24)

22. Appendicular skeleton
126 bones, 64 in the shoulders and upper limbs
62 in the pelvis and lower limbs
Upper Extremity : The arms (humerus ) are attached to the thorax,  via synovial joints, at the collarbone (clavicle) and shoulder bone (scapula) (shoulder joint)
The scapula is attached to the thoracic cage only by muscles

25. The elbow joint unites the humerus with the two lower arm bones - the ulna and radius
Three sets of joints connect the radius and ulna to the bones of the palm (metacarpals), via the eight small wrist carpals
knuckles (metacarpophalangeal Joints) connect the metacarpals to the proximal phalanx of the fingers
Each finger has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), except the thumb which has only two

26. It begins as 3 hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Lower Extremity: pelvic girdle , thigh and leg knee, foot, ankle and toe
The pelvis transmits the upper body weight from the sacrum (at the sacroiliac joint) to the legs
It begins as 3 hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
The hip joint unites the pelvis to the thigh bone (femur)

28. The knee joint, which includes the knee cap (patella), links the femur to the lower leg bones - the tibia and fibula
The ankle joint links the lower leg bones to the talus
The body weight is then transmitted to the heel (calcaneus) and to the balls of the feet via the tarsal and metatarsal foot bones
The toes have a phalangeal structure like the fingers

29. Functions of Skeletal System
Protection: protects the brain and internal organs
Support: maintains upright posture
Blood cell formation: hematopoiesis
Mineral homeostasis
Storage: stores fat and minerals.
Leverage: A lever is a simple machine that magnifies speed of movement or force

30. Clinical Application Osteomalacia Literally “soft bones”
Includes many disorders in which osteoid is produced but inadequately mineralized.
Causes can include insufficient dietary calcium
Insufficient vitamin D fortification or insufficient exposure to sun light
Rickets
Signs include bowed legs, and deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull

31. RRADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

33. Osteomyelitis: bone inflammation caused by the body's reaction to a bacterial or fungal infection
Ankylosis: abnormal stiffness of a joint or fusion of bones at a joint
Arthralgia: pain in a joint
Acromegaly: abnormal enlargement of facial features, hands, and feet in adults
Result of overproduction of growth hormone
Arthroplasty: Surgical repair of joint
Arthritis: is inflammation of one or more joints

34. Diagram showing osteomyelitis

35. Fracture Types Open (compound): bone ends penetrate the skin
Closed (simple): bone ends don’t penetrate the skin

37. Resources http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skel eton.htm
Clinical Anatomy by Regions: Richard. S. Snell, 9th edition
Last's Anatomy: Regional and Applied, 12th edition