1. Anatomy of a Long Bone spongy bone Proximal compact bone epiphysis
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis
hyaline cartilage
periosteum

2. Microscopic Bone Anatomy

3. Axial Division

4. Appendicular Skeleton
The Appendicular Division consists of 126 bones making up the appendages and girdles that connect appendages to the body. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula. The pelvic girdle is formed by the two coxal bones which are fused anteriorly.

5. Cranium Bones

6. Temporal Bone Markings

7. Occipital Bone

8. Sphenoid Bone
The feature called the "temple" is actually a wing of the Sphenoid bone
e. Sphenoid Bone – butterfly shaped bone that spans the width of the skull and forms the floor of the cranial cavity. Contains a small depression called the sella turcica (Turk’s saddle) which holds the pituitary gland in place
Posterior view

9. Ethmoid Bone
f. Ethmoid Bone – forms the roof of the nasal cavity and medial walls of the orbits

10. Review of Cranial bones and Markings

11. Facial Bones

12. Facial Bones

13. Hyoid Bone
3. Hyoid Bone – the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone, suspended in the midneck region above the larynx where ligaments anchor it to the styloid processes of the temporal bone. Serves as a movable base for the tongue and attachment for neck muscles.

14. Fetal Skull
4. Fetal Skull – bones of the fetal skull are not fused but contain fibrous membranes called fontanels, “soft spots” that connect the cranial bones. They allow room for the brain to grow and allow the fetal skull to be compressed during child birth. Anterior fontanel, posterior fontanel, sphenoid fontanel, mastoid fontanel

15. Vertebral Column

16. Cervical Vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae – 7, the first two are called the atlas and axis –they allow you to rotate your head from side to side

17. Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
2. Thoracic Vertebrae - 12, larger than the cervical vertebrae
3. Lumbar Vertebrae – 5, largest and sturdiest of the vertebrae
Lumbar
1-Vertebral Body 2-Spinous Process
3-Transverse Facet 4-Pedicle
5-Foramen 6-Lamina 7-Superior Facet

18. Inferior Vertebral Column
4. Sacrum - fuses with the coccyx inferiorly
5. Coccyx - considered the human “tailbone”

19. Bony Thorax

20. APPENDICULAR SKELETON (pp. 138-145)
A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle, also called the Pectoral Girdle (p. 138)
1. Clavical (Collarbones) – attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and the scapula laterally
2. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) – also called “wings” due to flaring when we move our arms posteriorl
Important Bone markings:
Acromion – enlarged end of the spine
Coracoid process – connects with the clavicle laterally at the acromioclavicular joint
Glenoid cavity – a shallow socket that receives the head of the humerus (arm bone)

21. Bones of the Upper Limb 1. Arm A. Humerus B. Important Bone Markings:
Greater and lesser tubercles – sites of muscle attachments near the head of the humerus
Deltoid Tuberosity – a roughened area of the shaft where the deltoid muscle attaches
Trochlea – medial distal end that looks like a spool
Capitulum – lateral distal end, looks like a ball
Coronoid Fossa – depression above the trochlea
Olecranon Fossa- posterior distal surface these two fossa’s allow the ulna to move freely when the elbow is bent and extended

22. Forearm Bones
Forearm
Radius – the lateral bone Important Markings: Radial tuberosity - just below the head, where the biceps tendon attaches
Ulna - the medial bone Coronoid process- on proximal end Olecranon process – on proximal end (forms the elbow by articulating into the olecranon fossa on the humerus
Trochlear Notch – groove that separates the coronoid and olecranon processes
Interosseous Membrane- the membrane that connects the radius and ulna along its length

23. Hand
3. Hand
A. Carpals – wrist bones, the most commonly fractured when falling on an outstretched hand is the scaphoid bone ( sits on thumbside)
B. Metacarpals – articulate with carpals and phalanges
C. Phalanges – finger bones

25. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (pp ) –formed by the two coxal bones
Coxal Bones (Hip Bones) Formed by the fusion of three bones:
Ilium – connects with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint, large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone. Iliac crest- upper edge

26. Ischium Ischium – the “sitdown” bone, it is most inferior
Ischial tuberosity - part you’re sitting on
Ischial spine - superior to the tuberosity, narrows the outlet of the pelvis Greater Sciatic notch – allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass through

27. Pubis Bone
Pubis – most anterior Obturator Foramen – opening which allows blood vessels and nerve to pass through to the thigh Pubic Symphysis – where the two pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint
Acetabulum – where the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse, receives the head of the femur

28. Lower Limb Bones Bones of the Lower Limbs (pp. 143-145) Thigh
Femur – heaviest, strongest bone in the body Greater and lesser trochanters – blunt processes at the proximal end that are sites of muscle attachments Medial and Lateral condyles – at distal end where the femur articulates with the tibia

29. Lower Leg Bones
Leg
Tibia – shinbone, medial weight-bearing bone of lower leg Tibial Tuberosity – proximal end of tibia where patellar ligaments and tendon attach Medial malleolus – distal inner bulge of the ankle
Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of lower leg, joins with the tibia proximally and distally Lateral malleolus – distal fibula that forms the outer part of the ankle

30. Foot Bones
Foot
Tarsals – 7 bones cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, lateral) cuboid, navicular, talus, calcaneus
Metatarsals – form the sole
Phalanges - toes

31. Helpful Websites for Studying

32. Q of Week: Can people grow extra bones?
multiple hereditary exostosis causes excess bones to grow in the body
Acromegaly- a disease associated with excessive bone growth
Paget's Disease
Melorheostosis-rare and progressive disorder that involves hyperostosis or thickening of cortical bone