1. Skeletal System

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Support/protection
Movement: acts as a series of levers
Hemopoiesis: production of blood cells
Storage of minerals: Calcium and phosphorous

3. Minerals Lab

4. Tissues Connective tissues
Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments
Solid network of living cells and protein fibers (collagen and elastin) surrounded by deposits of Calcium salts

5. Compact Bone Osteon Lamelae Lacuna Osteocyte Central canal
Perforating canal
Canaliculi

6. Spongy Bone Composed of osteocytes and intercellular material
Not aggregated around a central canal

7. Classify Your Bones
Use sticky notes to classify the bones at your lab station into 4 groups.
Explain to the class how your group classified the bones.

8. Classifications of Bone
Long bones - have a distinct axis (longer than wide)
Vary greatly in size
Most common type of bone in the body
Examples
Short bones - length and width are about equal
Exterior of compact bone and interior of spongy bone
Flat bones - flat, thin surface
Parallel surfaces of compact and spongy bone
Surface for muscle attachment or protection
Irregular bones - irregular shapes
Junk drawer

9. Reclassify your bones!

10. Did you have any problems?
Not suprising –
texts vary on classifications of bones

11. Anatomy of Long Bones Diaphysis: shaft Epiphysis: ends Metaphysis
Mature part between diaphysis and epiphysis
Contains epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal line
Remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

12. Anatomy of Long Bones (Con’t)
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage at the ends of the bone
Reduces friction and absorbs shock
Medullary cavity
Cylindrical space through the bone
Contains yellow marrow

13. Anatomy of Long Bones (Con’t)
Endosteum
Internal surface of bone
Active during bone growth and remodeling
Periosteum
Tough sheath covering outer surface of bone
Dense connective tissue

14. Ossification: Bone Development
Intramembranous ossification
Formed from layers of connective tissue membranes
Osteoblasts deposit calcium matrix around themselves
Osteocyte: completely surrounded osteoblast
Ex: flat bones of the skull

15. Ossification: bone development
Endochondral ossification
Forms from a hyaline cartilage model
Cartilage begins to calcify
Periosteum develops
Growth continues in the primary and secondary ossification centers

16. Primary Ossification Center
Cartilage inside starts to disintegrate
Osteoblasts enter and develop spongy bone
Osteoclasts break down the center creating the medullary cavity
Secondary Ossification Center
Similar to POC, in the metaphysis
Center is not broken down and cartilage continues to grow, increasing length

17. Homeostasis

18. Levers Bones work as levers Rod or arm Fulcrum: pivot point
Resistance: works against the lever
Force: works to move the lever

19. Lever Lab

20. Hematopoiesis

21. ANATOMY

22. Skeletal Organization
Axial skeleton
Central axis of body- skull, vertebral column, ribs
Appendicular skeleton
Arms, legs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

23. Bones of the Skull Cranium: forms the bowl that houses the brain
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Occipital
Temporal (2)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

24. Bones of the Skull Facial Bones Maxillae Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal
Nasal
Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae
Mandible

25. Vertebral Column
Vertebrae separated by vertebral discs (fibrocartilage pads)
Vertebral canal: formed by several vertebra; houses the spinal cord

26. Vertebrae Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae
C1: Atlas
Rotates on the axis
C2: Axis
Dens: upward projection the atlas rests on
C3-C7
Thoracic Vertebrae
T1-T12
Lumbar Vertebrae
L1-L5

27. Sacrum and Coccyx
Sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae

28. Curvatures
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Pelvic

29. Vertebrae Body Pedicles Laminae Vertebral arch Spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
Articulating process or facet (superior/inferior)

30. Sort Your Vertebrae! Get in groups of 5-6 at lab stations 1-5
Identify the 3 vertebrae as cervical, thoracic, or lumbar
Sketch the 3 vertebrae in your notes and label on each:
Body
Pedicles
Laminae
Vertebral Arch
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Vertebral Foramen

31. Thoracic Cage Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Sternum Costal cartilage
Protects and expands when breathing

32. Ribs 12 pairs (1 pair attached to each of the 12 thoracic vertebrae)
True ribs (7) attach directly to sternum at the costal cartilage
False ribs (5) attach to costal cartilage attached to 7th true rib
Floating ribs (2-3) not attached to costal cartilage at all

33. Sternum Midsagittal/anterior portion of the thoracic cage
Manubrium (attaches to 1st rib)
Body (attaches to remaining ribs)
Xiphoid process

34. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna

35. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Carpals
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Lunate
Hamate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal

36. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Sacrum and Coccyx
Pelvis
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

37. Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula

38. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Tarsals
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal

39. Articulations Stability vs. mobility Inversely related FLEXIBILITY

40. Types of Articulations
Fibrous Joints
Connected by dense connective tissue
Little to no movement
Sutures: completely immovable fibrous joint
Examples: sutures of the skull; distal ends of the tibia and fibula
Fontanels: incompletely ossified joints; allows for birth and brain growth

41. Types of Articulations (con’t)
Cartilaginous Joints
Connected by hyaline cartilage
Very little movement
Examples: intervertebral discs; symphasis pubis; first rib and sternum

42. Types of Articulations (con’t)
Synovial Joints
Majority of joints
Free movement
Complex anatomy

43. Anatomy of a Synovial Joint
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule: dense connective tissue
Synovial membrane
Joint cavity
Synovial fluid

44. Types of Synovial Joints
Ball and socket
Ball shaped head and cup shaped cavity
Movement on all planes; rotation
Ex: shoulder; hip

45. (synovial joints) Condyloid Oval shaped condyle and elliptical cavity
Movement on different planes; no rotation
Between metacarpals and phalanges

46. (synovial joints) Gliding Nearly flat/slightly curved surfaces
Sliding or twisting
Ex: Between the bones of the wrist and ankle, sacroiliac joints, joints between ribs

47. (synovial joints) Hinge Convex surface and concave surface
Flexion and extension
Ex: elbow; phalanges

48. (synovial joints) Pivot Cylindrical and ring-shaped surface
Rotation around a central axis
Ex: Between proximal ends of ulna and radius

49. (synovial joints) Saddle
Both surfaces has both convex and concave regions fitting complementary ends
Variety of movement
Ex: between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

50. Begin Planning Anatomy Dance
Types of Movement P. 167,169 Flexion – Depression (17)