1. Appendicular Skeleton
By: Dr. Holly Nash-Rule

2. Chapter 8, Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton
Everything that is not the Axial Skeleton, i.e., pelvis and limbs

3. The Girdles Supports the Arms Clavicle and Scapula Supports the Legs
Pectoral Girdle
Supports the Arms
Clavicle and Scapula
Pelvic Girdle
Supports the Legs
Pelvis
Ilium, ischium, pubic bone
Upper and lower limbs differ in function
Share the same structural plan

4. The Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle
Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk
Pelvic girdle
Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk
Upper and lower limbs differ in function
Share the same structural plan

5. The Pectoral Girdle Consists of the clavicle and the scapula
Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib
Laterally—the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae
Scapulae do not join each other nor do they articulate with the axial skeleton

6. The Pectoral Girdle
Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile
Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton
Good for flexibility, bad for stability

7. Clavicles Extend horizontally across the superior thorax
Acromial (lateral)
end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Posterior
Sternal (medial)
Anterior
Acromial end
Sternal end
Extend horizontally across the superior thorax
Sternal end articulates with the manubrium
Acromial end articulates with scapula

8. Clavicle (collarbone)
Manubrium to Acromion
Frequently fractured

9. Scapulae Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
Located between ribs 2–7
Have three borders
Superior
Medial (vertebral)
Lateral (axillary)

10. Structures of the Scapula
Acromion
Superior border
Lateral border
Medial border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
Inferior angle

11. Structures of the Scapula
Acromion
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Lateral border
Medial border
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

12. Scapula (shoulder blade)
Glenoid
Spine
Acromion
Acromioclavicular joint
Inferior and Superior Angles
Origin of biceps brachii muscle:
Coracoid Process
Supraglenoid tubercle

13. The Upper Limb 30 bones form each upper limb Grouped into the:
Upper Arm = Brachium
Forearm = Antebrachium
Humerus, Radius and Ulna
Wrist = Carpus
Hand = Manus

14. Arm Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow Humerus
The only bone of the arm
Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb
Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

15. Humerus Head Greater and Lesser Tubercles Intertubercular Sulcus
Biceps tendon
Coronoid Fossa
Olecranon Fossa
Trochlea
Medial and Lateral Epicondyles

16. Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm
Radial fossa
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
(a) Anterior view
Olecranon fossa
Surgical neck
Lateral epicondyle
(b) Posterior view

17. Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Olecranon
process
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Head of
radius
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Head
Neck
Radial notch
Radius
Ulna
Ulna
Radius
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow

18. Forearm Formed from the radius and ulna
Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
Distal ends articulate with carpals
Radius and ulna articulate with each other
At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
In anatomical position; the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial

19. Ulna
Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus
Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm
Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage

20. Ulna Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid Process Ulnar Styloid Process
Interosseous Membrane (between radius and ulna)
Note how the two bones can cross

21. Proximal Part of the Ulna
Olecranon
process
Radial notch
of the ulna
Olecranon process
Head of radius
Head
Trochlear notch
Neck
Neck of radius
Radial
tuberosity
Coronoid process
Interosseous
membrane
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Ulna
Radius
Ulnar notch
of the radius
Ulnar notch of
the radius
Radius
Head of ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
of radius
Styloid process
of ulna
Styloid process of radius
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view

22. Radius and Ulna Olecranon process View Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Ulnar notch of radius
Articulation
for lunate
Articulation
for scaphoid
Styloid
process
View
Head of
ulna
Styloid
process
(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist

23. Radius
The head of the radius articulates medially with the radial notch of the ulna
Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
Distal radius articulates with carpal bones
When radius moves, the hand moves with it

24. Radius Head, neck, shaft Insertion of biceps brachii Radial Tuberosity
Radial Styloid Process
Interosseous Membrane (between radius and ulna)
Note how the two bones can cross

25. Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
Humerus
Humerus
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Olecranon
process
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Head of
radius
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Head
Radial
tuberosity
Neck
Radial notch
Radius
Ulna
Ulna
Radius
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow

26. Styloid process
of radius
Head of
ulna
Styloid process
of ulna
(a) Normal position

27. Wrist and Hand Includes the following bones Carpus—wrist
Metacarpals—palm
Phalanges—fingers

28. Carpus = wrist Forms the true wrist—the proximal region of the hand
Gliding movements occur between carpals
Composed of eight marble-sized bones
Carpal bones
Are arranged in two irregular rows

29. Carpus (wrist) Four Proximal Four Pretty Skunks Long To Perform
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Four Pretty Skunks Long To Perform
Four Distal
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Four Detailed Turtles Tailor Custom Hats

30. Figure 8.6a Bones of the hand.
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Sesamoid
bones
Carpals 4 3 2 5 1
Hamate
Carpals
Capitate
Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezoid
Triquetrum
Scaphoid
Lunate
Ulna
Radius
(a) Anterior view of right hand

31. Manus (hand) - Metacarpus
Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist forming the palm
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals
Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges

32. Manus (hand) – Phalanges
Five phalanges radiate distally from the metacarpals forming the fingers
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
Articulate proximally with the metacarpals
Either articulate distally with middle or distal phalanges,
Or don’t articulate distally

33. Manus (hand) – Phalanges con’t
Pollex has two phalanges
Proximal and distal
All other fingers have three phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal

34. Superior Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

35. Superior Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

36. Superior Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

37. Pelvic Girdle Attaches lower limbs to the spine
Supports visceral organs
Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments
Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur
Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
Are more stable than the arm

38. Pelvic Girdle Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other
Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum
A deep, basin-like structure
Formed by articulation of the coxal bones with the sacrum, and coccyx

39. The Pelvic Girdle Consists of three separate bones in childhood
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Bones fuse, but retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones
Ilium
Large, flaring bone
Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint

40. The Pelvic Girdle
Anterior and posterior iliac spines meet to form the iliac crest
Greater and Lesser Sciatic Notches
Ischial Tuberosity
Acetabulum
Acetabular fossa

41. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Base of sacrum
Iliac crest
Sacroiliac
joint
Iliac fossa
llium
Coxal
bone
(hip
bone)
Sacrum
Pubis
Coccyx
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Ischium
Pubic crest
Pubic
symphysis
(a) Pelvic girdle
Pubic arch

42. Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip Bone
Ilium
Ilium
Iliac fossa
Iliac crest
Iliac crest
Body of
the ilium
Acetabulum
Ischial body
Ischial spine
Ischial spine
Pubic body
Articular surface of
pubis (at pubic
symphysis)
Ischium
Pubis
Ischium
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
(b) Lateral view, right hip bone
(c) Medial view, right hip bone

43. More Pelvis Articular Surface for Articulation with Sacrum
Pelvic (or pubic) symphysis
Fibrocartilage
Stretches at childbirth
Difference between male and female

44. True and False Pelves Bony pelvis divided into two regions
False (greater) pelvis - bounde by iliac bones
True (lesser) pelvis—inferior to pelvic brim
Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs
Anterior
abdominal
wall
False
pelvis
Pelvic brim,
defining
pelvic inlet
True
pelvis
Symphyseal
surface
Coccyx
Plane of pelvic outlet
(b) True and false pelves

45. Female and Male Pelves

46. Female and Male Pelves

47. The Lower Limb
Carries the entire weight of the erect body
Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb
Divided into four segments
Thigh, leg, ankle and foot

48. The leg
AKA Lower Limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia/fibula
Tarsus
Foot

49. Thigh The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
Femur—the single bone of the thigh
Longest and strongest bone of the body
Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum
Head and fovea capitus
Articulate with pelvis
Neck

50. Thigh The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
Femur—the single bone of the thigh
Greater and Lesser Trochanters
Shaft
Lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles
Intercondylar fossa
Patellar Surface

51. Femur

52. Structures of the Femur
Neck
Greater
trochanter
Lateral
epicondyle
Head
Medial condyle
Medial
Anterior view
Posterior view
Patellar
surface
The lower limb between the hip and the knee
Femur—the single bone of the thigh
Longest and strongest bone of the body
Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum

53. Patella Triangular bone
Imbedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles
Protects the knee anteriorly
Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee

54. Leg Lower limb between the knee and the ankle
Composed of the tibia and fibula
Tibia (shin) — more massive medial bone of the leg
Articulates with femur at superior end
Forms the knee joint
Articulates with talus at the inferior end
Forms the ankle joint
Fibula — stick-like lateral bone of the leg
Does not contribute to the knee joint
Stabilizes the ankle joint

55. Structures of the Tibia and Fibula

56. Figure 8.11a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Articular surface
of lateral condyle
Interosseous
membrane
Fibular notch
Fibula
Head of fibula
Posterior view
Tibia
of medial condyle
Medial
condyle
Medial condyle
Interosseous
membrane
Lateral condyle
Fibula
Head
Anterior view
Tibia

57. The Ankle and Foot Important functions Supports body weight
Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking
Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground

58. The Ankle and Foot Includes the following bones Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsus – sole
Phalanges – toes

59. Tarsus Makes up the posterior half of the foot
Contains seven bones called tarsals
Body weight is primarily borne by two bones: the talus and calcaneus

60. Callus Tillie Never Could Cooperate
Tarsus
Seven bones
Calcaneous, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneforms
Callus Tillie Never Could Cooperate

61. Pedus (foot) – Metatarsus
Five metatarsals radiate distally from the ankle forming the sole
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the hallux (big toe)
Articulate proximally with the tarsals
Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges

62. Pedus (foot) – Phalanges
Five phalanges radiate distally from the metatarsals forming the toes
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the hallux (big toe)
Articulate proximally with the metatarsals
Either articulate distally with middle or distal phalanges,
Or don’t articulate distally

63. Pedus (foot) – Phalanges
halluxhas two phalanges
Proximal and distal
All other toes have three phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal

64. Bones of the Foot Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal 1 2 3 4 Metatarsals5
Medial
cuneiform
Intermediate
cuneiform
Lateral
cuneiform
Navicular
Cuboid
Tarsals
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
Calcaneus
(a) Superior view

65. Arches of the Foot Foot has three important arches
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Arches are maintained by
Interlocking shapes of the tarsals
Ligaments and tendons
“Keystones” of arches
Talus—medial longitudinal arch
Cuboid—lateral longitudinal arch

66. Arches of the Foot Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral
(a) Lateral aspect of right foot

67. Inferior Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

68. Inferior Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

69. Inferior Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

70. Inferior Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

71. Hip fracture “Grandma fell and broke her hip.”
More accurately, “Grandma broke her femoral neck and then fell.”
Sometimes the fracture is at the intertrochanteric line