1. Weather & Climate
Intro to Weather Clip

2. Weather by Brainpop 1) What cycle is the basis of our weather?
2) What causes precipitation to occur?
3) Where do storms usually occur?

3. Weather
Temporary behavior of atmosphere (what’s going on at any certain time)
Small geographic area
Can change rapidly

4. Weather --The study of weather is meteorology
--Someone who studies weather is called a meteorologist

5. Climate Types by Brainpop
.What is climate?
.Where are tropical climates most likely to be?
.What does “arid” mean?

6. Climate Long-term behavior of atmosphere (100+ years)
Large geographic area
Very slow to change

7. POLAR
90o -60o latitude
Cool summers, cold year-round
Dry

8. TEMPERATE 60o-30o latitude True Seasons Variety of climate patterns
Moderate precipitation
(rain/snow)

9. TROPICAL 30o - equator No winter, warm year-round
High temp, rainfall, humidity

10. What Factors Affect Weather & Climate?
The Sun
The Water Cycle
The Atmosphere
The Ocean

11. How Does the Sun Affect Weather?
It warms the atmosphere & oceans
It creates climate zones
It keeps the water cycle going
It affects weather patterns

12. REVIEW Define weather: Define climate:
Temporary behavior of the atmosphere, small area, and rapid change
Define climate:
Long term behavior of atmosphere, large area, and slow change
What four factors affect the weather
Sun, atmosphere, water cycle, and oceans

13. How Does the Sun Affect Weather?
Radiation: energy transferred as waves
The Sun and Weather

15. BrainPOP

17. How Does the Sun Affect Weather?
Conduction: energy transferred when molecules bump together
The heat makes the copper atoms vibrate faster. These atoms in turn make the atoms near them vibrate faster. In this way the heat energy is gradually transferred along the rod from the hot end towards the cooler end.
Good conductors of heat: Copper, gold, Aluminium
Insulators (poor conductors): Wood, plastic, glass, china, cork
 A saucepan is made of aluminium or copper which is a good conductor of heat. The handle is made of plastic or wood which is a poor conductor

19. How Does the Sun Affect Weather?
Convection: transfer of heat by FLOW of material; happens after the other two…

21. The Sun and Weather

22. The Sun and Weather

23. The Sun and Weather

24. The Sun and Weather

25. REFOCUS
Three types of heating:
Radiation
Convection
conduction

26. REVIEW Define weather Three types of climates
Three types of energy transference

27. The Water Cycle by Brainpop
What process must happen for clouds to form?
What is “collection”?
Name one way to conserve water.

28. The Water Cycle
All the water on the planet is recycled in this manner!

29. Parts of the Cycle
Evaporation—Water going from a liquid to a gas (gains energy from the sun)
Evaporation

30. Parts of the Cycle
*Transpiration—evaporation of water from/out of plants. Locate this on the diagram!
transpiration

31. Parts of the Cycle
Condensation—Water going from a gas to a liquid (cools or loses energy)
When this happens in the atmosphere, CLOUDS form.

32. Parts of the Cycle
Precipitation—when water falls out the atmosphere. Forms when the water droplets in clouds become too heavy to stay up.
Rain Clip

33. How Hail is Formed

34. Parts of the Cycle
Collection- Water collects into streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans.

35. The Water Cycle
Water Cycle by Brainpop

36. Earth’s Atmsophere by Brainpop
. What is ozone?
. What layer of the atmosphere does weather occur in?
. What 2 gases compose the most of Earth’s Atmosphere?

37. How does the atmosphere affect weather?
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth
Has five different layers; each has different properties
We’ll label them in just a minute…
Air Temperature and Pressure change with altitude
Weather occurs in the layer closest to Earth (troposphere)
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth
Has five different layers; each has different properties
We’ll label them in just a minute…
Air Temperature and Pressure change with altitude
Weather occurs in the layer closest to Earth (troposphere)

38. Write in the labels! Exosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere
Ozone layer
Stratosphere
Troposphere

40. Fronts = places where air masses meet
4 Types: Warm, Cold, Occluded, Stationary
Each kind can bring different kinds of weather

41. Air Masses = body of air with a certain temperature and moisture level
Can be warm or cold
Can contain a lot of moisture or not a lot of moisture

42. Gentile Winds Light Rains
Short Heavy Rains
Long Rains
Occluded Front:
Stationary Front:
Drying of Air Mass
Gentile Winds Light Rains

46. REVIEW

47. Humidity by Brainpop . What single factor controls humidity?
. What temperature air can hold the most water molecules?
. What causes water to evaporate into the atmosphere?

48. Relative Humidity
Measure of the amount of moisture in the air compared to what the air could hold
How “full” of water the air is
Expressed as %
100% relative humidity = saturated air
Relative Humidity Test Applet

49. Relative Humidity Controlled by temperature
1. Warm air holds more moisture than cool air (more space for water vapor between air molecules)
2. As air warms, relative humidity decreases
3. As air cools, relative humidity increases

50. Dew Point
=Temperature at which the air is saturated (100% relative humidity)
Several events can occur when the dew point temp. is reached:
1. If dew point temp. is above freezing:
a. water vapor condenses
as liquid
b. dew will form on surfaces
c. cloud droplets will form in air

51. Dew Point 2. If dew point temp. is below freezing:
Humidity Clip
Dew Point
2. If dew point temp. is below freezing:
a. water vapor condenses as a solid
b. frost on surfaces
c. snow (or hail) in the air

52. Rainbows Caused by sunshine on raindrops
White light (all colors) is refracted (bent) into colors as it enters and exits the drop
To see a rainbow you must have the sun behind you and raindrops in the air
Diagram:
BrainPOP

53. Rainbow by Brainpop

54. How does Air Pressure affect weather?
How much the earth’s atmosphere is pressing down on us
Measured with a BAROMETER
If it CHANGES, then new weather
is on the way:
Falling Air Pressure = stormy weather coming
Rising Air Pressure = fair weather coming
Steady Air Pressure = no change is coming

55. Animations

56. How does the Ocean affect weather?
Ocean currents affect the temperature of the land they pass by
Cold ocean currents = cooling effect
Warm ocean currents = warming effect
Temperature changes affect pressure – which then creates WINDS
Winds blow this cooling or warming effect over the land

58. Ocean Circulation

60. Winds = created from differences in air pressure
Moves from areas of HIGH to LOW pressure
Greater the difference in pressure, the FASTER the wind blows
Measured with wind vanes and anemometers or you can estimate with the Beaufort Wind Scale
BrainPOP

61. Land & Sea Breezes

62. Global Winds
Thousands of kilometers long; can cause weather to move in different directions
Jet stream, prevailing westerlies, doldrums, horse latitudes, trade winds

63. Global Winds Caused by the temperature difference in different regions
Hot Tropical Regions—causes air to rise
Cold polar Regions—causes air to sink

64. Global Winds Also affected by Earth’s Spin
Coriolis Effect = causes winds to curve to the right in the N. Hemisphere; to the left in the S. Hemisphere

65. Color in the chart… DOLDRUMS NORTH EASTERLIES NE TRADE WINDS
PREVAILING WESTERLIES
HORSE LATITUDES
NE TRADE WINDS
DOLDRUMS
SE TRADE WINDS
HORSE LATITUDES
PREVAILING WESTERLIES
SOUTH EASTERLIES

66. Where is the Jet Stream?

67. Winds by Brainpop . What does warm air do?
. What do you call winds that blow all the time in the same part of the world?
. What are jet streams?

68. Types of Storms

69. Thunderstorms Requires a mature cumulonimbus cloud
Signs
Sudden reversal of wind direction
Noticeable increase in wind speed
Sudden drop in temperature

70. Thunderstorms Possible weather: a. heavy rains (flash floods)
b. lightning (forest fires)
c. thunder (frightens animals)
d. hail (crop damage)
e. tornadoes
f. strong, gusty winds
Thunderstorm by Brainpop

71. Safety Rules Stay indoors Prepare for lightning, strong winds
Listen on radio/TV for tornado watch/warning
Thunderstorms don’t last long

72. Lightning Storm
Cumulonimbus cloud becomes electrically charged and ground below has opposite charge

74. Lightning stroke: flow of current thru air (a poor conductor) from the – to the +
Lightning can flow from cloud to ground, cloud to cloud, and from ground to cloud
Bright light is caused by glowing air molecules heated by the current
Lightning follows the path of least resistance (easiest way to positive)
Lightning rod offers lightning an easy, safe path to the ground (+)

75. Thunder is the shock wave caused by the explosive expansion of heated air
Sound about 1100 ft/sec in air
5,280 ft in one mile
Distance from you to lightning = number of seconds between seeing the flash and hearing the thunder divided by 5.
(5,280 ft / 1100 ft/sec = 5 seconds)

76. Safety rules for lightning storms
Stay indoors
Stay away from anything that conducts electricity (stove, sink, telephone, TV)
Get out of the water and off of small boats
Stay away from open doors, windows, fireplaces
Stay in your car (very safe place to be)
Don’t stand under lone trees or in open places
Avoid hilltops
If your hair stands on end, or your skin tingles, drop to the ground but try to keep as little contact with the ground as possible

77. Tornado
Counterclockwise column of rotating air extending from cumulonimbus cloud
Per square foot, is the most destructive atmospheric event
Rated by wind speed (F1 to F5)
“Tornado season” = April, May, June
Tornadoes that form over water are called “waterspouts”

78. Behavior of a tornado is unpredictable Typical tornado will:
1. Occur between 3-7 pm
2. Travel 4 miles
3. Be m wide
4. Travel mi/hour
5. Have wind speeds up to 300 mi/hr
6. Produce extremely low pressure
7. Be dark due to debris picked up
Tornado by Brainpop

79. Move away at a right angle
Safety Rules
Rule #1: Take immediate action!
Move away from tornado’s path
Tornado’s path
Move away at a right angle

80. 3. Lie flat in nearest ditch, etc. 4. At home a. open windows, doors
b. seek shelter in basement or under heavy table in middle of house
On the trail of a tornado

81. Tropical Cyclone Nicknames 1. Atlantic: hurricane
2. SE Asia, Japan: typhoon
3. Australia: willy-willy
4. Indian Ocean: cyclone

82. Tropical Cyclone Rated by wind speed (category 1 to 5)
Starts and grows over warm ocean water
Composed of bands of thunderstorms spiraling counterclockwise around a low pressure center

83. Characteristics Several hundred miles wide Last many days (even weeks)
Winds from mi/hr
Contains an “eye”
Small region of low pressure
Surrounded by highest winds
Calm, peaceful, sunny weather
Last for about 1 hour as hurricane passes by
Hurricanes by Brainpop

84. Safety Rules Prepare for high winds Prepare for flooding
(greatest source of damage)
Up to 20 in. of rain
Flooding by coastal water
3. Prepare for thunderstorms
4. Have on hand stored food, water, blankets, candles, matches, radio, etc.
5. Seek shelter
Hurricanes Clip

85. WHAT IS CLIMATE?
The behavior of the atmosphere over a long period of time.
Large geographical area.
Slow to change.

86. Climatic Change
Seasons
El Nino and La Nina

87. Climatic Change
What Causes Climate Change

88. Climatic Change
Global Warming

89. Climatic Change
Carbon Cycle

90. Land Biomes by BrainpPOP
.What is a Biome?
.What Biomes are at the equator?
.How can biomes change?

91. Biomes Aquatic = Two basic regions Desert = Four basic types
Marine and Freshwater
Desert = Four basic types
Hot and Dry, Semiarid, Coastal, and Cold
Forest = Three major types of forests, classed according to latitude:
Tropical, Temperate, and Boreal forests (taiga)
Grassland = Two main divisions of grasslands:
Tropical grasslands, called savannas, and temperate grasslands.
Tundra = Two types:
Arctic tundra and Alpine tundra

92. Aquatic Water is the common link among the five biomes.
Makes up the largest part of the biosphere.
Covers nearly 75% of the Earth’s surface.

93. Desert
Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth’s surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year
There are few large mammals in deserts because most are not capable of storing sufficient water.

94. Forest
Today, forests occupy approximately one-third of Earth’s land area,
Tropical forests= Greatest diversity of species
Temperate Forests= Well-defined seasons.
Boreal forests, or taiga= Largest terrestrial biome.
Occurring between 50 and 60 degrees north latitudes

95. Grassland
Grasslands are characterized as lands dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees.
Savanna is grassland with scattered individual trees.
Temperate grasslands are characterized as having grasses as the dominant vegetation. Trees and large shrubs are absent.

96. Tundra Extremely cold climate Low biotic diversity
Simple vegetation structure
Short season of growth

97. ADAPTATION Organisms adapt to there environment
Adaptations can be structural or behavioral
Some structural adaptations are HAIR, and PINE NEEDLES
Some behavioral adaptations are HIBERNATION, ESTIVATION, and SWEATING

98. Hibernation European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
metabolic depression in animals, characterized by lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower metabolic rate.
Hibernating animals conserve food, especially during winter when food is short, tapping energy reserves, body fat, at a slow rate.

99. ESTIVATION Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)
Sleeps 7 months out of the year
the lemur does not control its body temperature while hibernating.
Like other fat-tailed lemurs, is able to store fat in its tail, and this provides a source of energy during its period of dormancy.