1. Introduction to Chemistry
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Chemistry

2. Chemistry is…
The study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Chemistry has application to everyday life. How many of you are wearing clothes that have been dyed? Washed? Dry cleaned? How many have you have ever taken medicine for an illness or seasonal allergies? Anyone travel in a car that runs on gasoline? How about wearing shoes? Anyone Cook? Use a cell phone? Listen to music?

3. 1. Organic Chemistry Study of substances containing carbon
For example, petroleum based products, fuels, etc

4. 2. Inorganic Chemistry Study of substances that do not contain carbon
For example, rocks, precious metals, mining

5. 3. Analytical Chemistry Study of the composition of substances
For example, finding small quantities of medication in blood
For example, finding minute quantities of a medication in blood

6. 4. Physical Chemistry Study of the behavior of chemicals
For example, the stretching of nylon, bathing suits, chewing gum
For example, finding minute quantities of a medication in blood

7. 5. Biochemistry Study of the chemistry of living things
For example, the process of digestion and respiration
For example, finding minute quantities of a medication in blood

8. Applications of Chemistry:
Materials
Energy
Medicine and biotechnology
Agriculture
Environment
Astronomy
Materials – 3000 years ago, iron ores were first made ( iron and carbon heated together); 500 years ago steel, brass, bronze and ceramics were made. Today is the age of plastics. Count how many times you have encountered plastic today.
Energy – greater standards of living means a greater demand for energy to power homes. Today we rely heavily on petroleum products which were formed millions of years ago from decaying organic matter. What will happen when all the crude oil is used up? Hybrid cars may hold the answer. What about solar power, wind power, nuclear power?
Medicine and Biotechnology – vitamins, medicines, cavities, human genome project
Agriculture – making hardier and more productive plants
Environment – clean air, smog pollution
Astronomy and Space Exploration – Is there life on other planets?

9. CHEMISTRY is ALL AROUND You…
You just need to learn how to look for it!!!

10. The Scientific Method Observation (use your senses)
O.H.E.C. Not AGAIN!!!
Observation (use your senses)
Hypothesis (explanation for observation)
Experiment (test the hypothesis)
Qualitative data = descriptive
Quantitative data = measurements
Conclusion (what did you find?)

11. Laws and Theories
Theory = an idea that is widely supported by scientific experimentation
Gives one the power to predict the behavior of natural systems
EX: cell theory
Law = concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
EX: Laws of thermodynamics

12. EOC Questions
CHAPTER 1
Page 25 # 16, 18, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31

13. CHAPTER 2
Matter and Change

14. Matter is… Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass = the amount of matter an object contains
Space = volume

15. Classification of Matter
Pure Substance = contains only one kind of matter; chemical composition is uniform
Element = one type of atom
Ex: nitrogen (N2), carbon
Compound = more than one type of atom chemically combined
Ex: CO2, H2O

16. Classification of Matter
Mixture = a physical blend of two or more substances;
Homogenous mixtures = same composition throughout; also known as solutions
Ex: salt water solution
Heterogenous mixtures = different compositions throughout
Ex: ocean water

17. Mixtures can be separated by physical methods. Here are some examples…
Filtration (heterogeneous mixtures)
Components separated based on size
Distillation (homogenous mixtures)
A solution is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid
Chromatography
A solution is separated as it passes over a solid

18. Element or Compound?
Glucose (C6H12O6) Neon gas (Ne) Nitrogen gas (N2)

19. Heterogenous or Homogenous?
Tap water Muddy water Soda Orange juice with pulp

20. Classification of Matter

22. Review Element, compound or mixture??? Lemonade Pure water CO2 Dirt
Oxygen

23. Mixture Separation Challenge
How would you separate…
Red m&m’s from green m&m’s
Salt from salt water
Iron from a mixture of iron and sand
Salt from sand
Salt from pepper

24. Pre-Class Element, compound or mixture??? Lemonade Pure water CO2 Dirt
Oxygen

25. Mixture Separation Lab
Mixture of salt, sand, iron, sulfur…how would you separate the mixture into its individual components?
Think physical properties of each…

26. States of Matter

27. States of Matter 1. Solid Shape: Definite Volume: Definite
Compressibility: None
Particle Spacing: close together
Particle Movement: very little (low energy)

28. States of Matter 2. Liquid Shape: Indefinite Volume: Definite
Compressibility: slight
Particle Spacing: not as close as a solid
Particle movement: more movement than solid

29. States of Matter 3. Gas Shape: Indefinite Volume: Indefinite
Compressibility: Great
Particle Spacing: far apart
Particle Movement: Fast (lot of energy)

30. Is a gas the same thing as a vapor?
Gas = a substance that exists as a gas at room temperature
Ex: air
Vapor = gaseous state of substance that is normally a solid or liquid at room temperature
Ex: steam = gaseous form of water

31. Describing Matter

32. Physical Properties
Qualities of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition
Include color, solubility, odor, hardness, density, melting point and boiling point
Help chemists identify substances

33. Using physical properties to identify an unknown…
READ ONLY
Using physical properties to identify an unknown…
Two clear liquids
Liquid A boils at 100oC and melts at 0oC
Liquid B boils at 78oC and melts at -117oC A B

34. Physical Change
Change in matter without a change in the chemical composition
Ex: boil, freeze, dissolve, melt, condense, break, split, crack, grind, crush…

35. Chemical Properties
The ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and to form new substances is called a chemical property

36. Chemical Changes
One or more substances combine to form new and different substances
EX: rusting, decomposing, rotting, spoiling, exploding, corroding, burning,

37. How to tell whether a chemical reaction has taken place?
Energy is always absorbed or given off in a chemical reaction
Change in color
Change in odor
Production of a gas
NEW SUBSTANCE FORMED

38. Things to Know for TEST FRIDAY
VOCABULARY
Branches of chemistry
Steps of the scientific method
Classifying matter (element, compound, mixture; heterogenous, homogeneous)
Characteristics of the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
Physical properties
Physical change vs chemical change
Evidence of a chemical change

39. EOC Questions CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Page 25 # 16, 18, 30, 31