1. A Brief History of the Cold War

3. Origins of the Cold War
Cold War- a term that refers to the international rivalry between Communist states and Capitalist states
Mainly between United States, Great Britain and Western European countries
Verses
Soviet Union- Eastern European Satellite states, Later China, Korea, Cuba, Vietnam

4. Over View of Cold War
After WWII the US will confront Communist expansion all over the world.
Conflict will last 50 years and ends peacefully with Reagan and Bush (41) in 1991, when the Soviet Union disintegrated.
Each President will deal with Cold War Issues as the focus of Foreign Policy.

5. Presidents and the Cold War
Truman-( )
Containment Policy
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
NATO
Korean War
Firing of MacArthur
H-Bomb
Eisenhower- ( )
Korean War peace
Guatemala
Cuban Revolution
Vietnam support
Arms Race/Space Race
Kennedy ( )
Vietnam escalation (Military advisors and equipment sent)
Cuban Missile Crisis (the closest the US will come to Nuclear War)
Johnson ( )
Escalates Vietnam involvement (500K troops 1968)
Nixon ( )
Massive Bombing of North Vietnam and Cambodia
Negotiated Settlement of Vietnam
Visits China and begins Détente with Mao Tse Tong
Ford ( )
Carter ( )
Russians invade Afghanistan
Aides Mujhadeen fighting Russians
Communists take over in Nicaragua
Reagan ( )
Focuses American in building “Star Wars” anti-missile program and defense spending to counter Soviets
Causes Soviet economy to suffer-
Gorbachev begins Perestroika- opens frustrations created by Communist economy and peaceful revolution is begun
Bush (41) ( )
1991 the Soviet Union is ended and chain reaction reverberates across Europe (Essentially communism and extreme socialism as an economic system is proven ineffective)
Nationalism takes over in formerly communist controlled regions of Europe

6. Trends in American Cold War Foreign Policy
American government will confront communism were ever it attempts to spread using:
Covert Action: CIA- influence elections
Money: Marshall Plan, later loans and economic aid
Military: Equipment, supplies, training, and direct military involvement
Greece, Turkey, Guatemala, South Korea,
American government will support countries, governments, dictators, and even drug dealers, in an effort to stop the spread of communism.

7. Post WWII
Area of Conflict: Eastern Europe, Germany, China, Korea, later Vietnam, Cuba

8. Stalin Wanted Protect the Soviet Union from Attack
Establish a buffer zone and Satellite states friendly to Soviet interests
Weaken Germany to prevent any further wars

9. Tehran Conference Big Three discuss what to do with Germany
Stalin wanted to eliminate Germany as a threat
To partition Germany-
Churchill wanted to use Germany to counter the Russians-
Roosevelt was more lenient to the needs of Stalin
Stalin promised to help fight Japan- after Germany surrendered

10. Teheran Economic Development Plans
International Monetary Fund
Fund used to stabilize currency
International Bank for Reconstruction- later known as the World Bank
Plan to lend money to countries
Help revive trade

11. Stalin Agreed at Yalta
To Declare war on Japan after Germany surrendered within 2-3 months
Partition of Germany into 4 Zones- Russian, US, British, and French
In Exchange for
Influence in Manchuria
Return of land lost in Russo-Japanese War (1904)

12. Why does Roosevelt give in to Stalin’s Post War plans?
Germany had invaded Russia twice, killed millions of Russians- Roosevelt was sympathetic to Stalin’s idea of Sphere of Influence/Buffer States
Roosevelt wanted help from Russians with the Fight against Japan (Russia didn’t declare war on Japan until 2 days before war was over)
Buffer Zone will later turn into the Communist Block or Warsaw Pact- The instillation of communist controlled governments along the Western border of Russia:
East Germany, Poland, Baltic States, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria…
Later known as the Iron Curtain phrase was coined by Churchill
Stalin broke promises
“We can’t do business with Stalin. He has broken everyone of the promises he made at Yalta.” FDR

13. Potsdam Conference July 1945
Big 3 at Potsdam Truman, Churchill, Stalin met in a suburb of Berlin for the Potsdam Conference July 17-Aug. 2
Settled the German reparation question- Soviets would get assets in the East
Nazi leaders to be tried as war criminals at Nuremberg
Korea to be divided
Truman found out “Trinity” test of A-Bomb worked, causes a tougher line with the Russians

14. How does the use of the atomic bomb on Japan fit into the Cold War?
Some believe that the decision to drop the bomb was in part a message to Stalin that the US was capable and prepared to use it against Russia if war broke out again.
Russia wants it’s own!

15. Containment in Europe and the Middle East
George F. Kennan- American diplomat in Moscow, expert on Russian history
8000 word telegram- advice on how US should deal with Soviet Union and Communism spread
Stated the Soviet Union was paranoid of Western attack
Suggested Containment strategy- prevent the spread of communism
Communism in Europe would eventually die out!
Truman and subsequent presidents adopt this view.

16. Truman Doctrine 1947
Secretary of State- Dean Acheson (Strong Anti-Communist) suggests to Truman, if Greece falls to communism- Turkey and other countries will fall…
US policy will aid all countries in the world that are suffering from communist subversion
Primarily economic aid (Marshall Plan) but will also include military equipment and training
Congress will appropriate $400 million
Policy will be replicated by subsequent presidents

17. “Truman Doctrine”
“I believe that it must be the Policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure.”

18. Marshall Plan 1947 George Marshall, Secretary of State for Truman
Feared further communist popularity in post-war Europe (Socialist movements were gaining power in France and Italy, due to- severe destruction, economic declines brought by the war- In bad economic circumstances Communism sounds like a good idea)
Proposes a plan to offer Massive Economic Aid to European countries to help rebuild economies and prevent attractiveness of communism ($11 Billion in 3yrs)
Complemented Truman Doctrine

19. Berlin Crisis 1948-49 Part of the settlement at Potsdam
Germany was to be partitioned 4 administrative areas. Berlin is also divided up.
Russians try to force Western powers out of Berlin preventing access to the Western portion of the city (Blockade)
Truman responds with Berlin Airlift supplying Berlin by air, 13,000 tons of supplies per day, airlift lasts 300 days

20. NATO 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Cold War defensive alliance between countries in Europe-and the United States
Europeans invited the United States to take an active role in European defense
“An armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America… an attack against all”
In Asia- SEATO- South East Asia Treaty Organization

21. Korean War
Japan had previously taken control over Korea leading up to and during WWII
At Potsdam it is agreed to de-Japan Korea with the Soviets taking the North and US taking the South
By 1948 – US turned South Korea over to themselves
Soviets train Kim il Sung to take the north in a Communist direction

22. Korean War
June 1950 – North attacks South (with military support from Soviet Union and China
United Nations forms alliance of 18 nations to respond militarily to attack (led by US)
Varying opinions about strategies leads Truman to replace the UN commander – Douglas McArthur in 1951
1953 – peace settlement reached – marking the 38th parallel as the de-militarized zone (DMZ)
Everything goes smoothly until present day…….

26. Soviet Block
Soviets create an alliance-Warsaw Pact countries- defensive alliance dominated by Soviets-
1955 by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
The organization was the Soviet bloc's equivalent of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.