AKA, How did the jewish bookshelf get to be so big?

AKA, How did the jewish bookshelf get to be so big?
jewish texts an overview I am teaching this based on my understanding of Jewish tradition, and it’s hard to teach intellectual history without theology creeping in. While I’m not apologetic about that, I realize that this is a pluralistic room and we don’t all see things the same way, and that excites me. Just want to put that out there. AKA, How did the jewish bookshelf get to be so big?

Let’s start with your… Questions?

Get ready for… Jewish History… in 60 seconds! (approximately)

4 Periods Biblical Rabbinic medieval Modern CE——————————————-———>
<—————————————-—————————————————BCE CE——————————————-———> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Biblical Rabbinic medieval Modern We’re talking about narrative here. I’m giving you the perspective from inside the tradition. I’m not describing when in history archaeologists found remnants of a certain scroll in the Ancient Near East. But what period of time does the Torah describe? Creation of the world to the 4th century BCE. 200 BCE to to to the present. So let’s fill in this map with some major events in Jewish history, so that we better understand it. When was the story of Adam and Eve? 4 Periods

Creation of the world, Adam and Eve
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve What about Noah and the flood?

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark When does God first appear to Abraham to tell him Lech Lecha?

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark Abraham goes to Canaan When do the Israelites leave Egypt and receive the Torah at Mount Sinai?

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark Abraham goes to Canaan When is the first Temple built by King Solomon? Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark Abraham goes to Canaan Built around 1000, destroyed in 586 BCE by the Babylonians. When is the Second Temple built? Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark Abraham goes to Canaan When is the Second Temple destroyed? Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark Abraham goes to Canaan When is the expulsion from Spain? Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Second Temple is destroyed

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark Abraham goes to Canaan Where would you put Purim on this map? Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Second Temple is destroyed Spanish expulsion

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark Abraham goes to Canaan What about Chanukah? Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish expulsion

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark Abraham goes to Canaan That’s Jewish History in 60 seconds. How do Jewish texts map onto this timeline? Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish expulsion Chanukah

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish expulsion Chanukah

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish expulsion Chanukah

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah

The books of the tanach Jonathan Sacks: Torah is G-d speaking to man
Prophets are G-d speaking through man Writings are man speaking about G-d

תנ׳׳ך (Tanach) Biblical
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Biblical תנ׳׳ך (Tanach) Where are we so far?

תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל (Tanach) (Chazal) Midrash Mishnah Gemara Biblical Rabbinic
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Midrash Mishnah Gemara Biblical Rabbinic תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל (Tanach) (Chazal) Next came rabbinic.

(Let’s go back to the beginning…)
Even according to the traditional view, there is disagreement about what was received at Sinai.

written torah תורה שבכתב

written torah תורה שבכתב oral torah תורה שבעל פה
What is contained in the Oral Torah? Details for understanding the Written Torah. Most commonly, it takes the form of law, e.g. Tefillin: “You shall bind them as a sign upon your hand, and they should be for a reminder between your eyes.” But what do they look like? What size, color, etc? The Oral Law fills in the blanks. But it’s not all law — sometimes it’s homiletical interpretation of a verse. Two main genres: Mishnah and Midrash. written torah תורה שבכתב oral torah תורה שבעל פה

written torah Rather than recorded on scroll…

תנאים “Tanna’im” ORAL torah
It lived in conversations that were passed from teacher to student, generation to generation. תנאים “Tanna’im”

Midrash (verse) Mishnah (topic)

Literary (אגדה) Midrash (verse) Mishnah (topic) Legal (הלכה)

Midrash Rabba Midrash Tanchuma Yalkut Shimoni e.g. Literary (אגדה) Midrash (verse) Mishnah (topic) e.g. Legal (הלכה) Mechilta Sifra Sifrei

written torah תורה שבכתב שבכתב oral torah תורה שבעל פה
Famous story in Beresheit Rabbah. Fills in the gaps in the text, reads between the lines. Absolutely fascinating to study but very dense, you need to take your time with it, like poetry. Back to our timeline… written torah תורה שבכתב שבכתב oral torah תורה שבעל פה Midrash Rabba Midrash Tanchuma Yalkut Shimoni e.g. Literary (אגדה) Midrash (verse) Mishnah (topic) e.g. Legal (הלכה) Mechilta Sifra Sifrei

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan But things got very unstable under Roman Rule in the 2nd century CE. The Temple was destroyed, there were multiple attempts to rebel and retake control, and the Jewish population was dispersed. Particular concern about confusion about Jewish law… so the Mishnah is codified. Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Probably wasn’t written down until much later, but from generations of inherited conversations were formed a set text that was memorized. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi is credited with this. The texts were chosen from many “texts” circulating at the time. What is the content of the mishnah? Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah

6 orders of the Mishnah Mostly Jewish law, as we said, organized by theme, not by verse. The Torah is not indexed. There’s no single chapter that discusses laws of blessings. But the Mishnah puts it all together in one place.

6 orders of the Mishnah Seeds (זרעים, “Zera’im”): 11 Tractates

6 orders of the Mishnah Seeds (זרעים, “Zera’im”): 11 Tractates
Festivals (מועד, “Mo’ed”): 12 Tractates Includes Shabbos, Rosh Hashanah, Yoma (Yom Kippur), Sukkah, Pesachim and more.

Festivals (מועד, “Mo’ed”): 12 Tractates Women (נשים, “Nashim”): 7 Tractates

Festivals (מועד, “Mo’ed”): 12 Tractates Women (נשים, “Nashim”): 7 Tractates Damages (נזיקין, “Nezikin”): 10 Tractates

Festivals (מועד, “Mo’ed”): 12 Tractates Women (נשים, “Nashim”): 7 Tractates Damages (נזיקין, “Nezikin”): 10 Tractates Holy Things (קודשים, “Kodashim”): 11 Tractates

Festivals (מועד, “Mo’ed”): 12 Tractates Women (נשים, “Nashim”): 7 Tractates Damages (נזיקין, “Nezikin”): 10 Tractates Holy Things (קודשים, “Kodashim”): 11 Tractates Purifications (טהרות, “Taharot”): 12 Tractates Also talk about the format — extremely concise. Hyperlinked. “Newton until Einstein.” But it’s not just law — it’s also story, folktale, ethics. Pirkei Avos, Ethics of the Fathers, is in the Mishnah.

Festivals (מועד, “Mo’ed”): 12 Tractates Women (נשים, “Nashim”): 7 Tractates Damages (נזיקין, “Nezikin”): 10 Tractates Holy Things (קודשים, “Kodashim”): 11 Tractates Purifications (טהרות, “Taharot”): 12 Tractates Ethics of the Fathers “Pirkei Avot”

"If I am not for myself, who will be for me?
Hillel says: "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? But if I am only for myself, who am I? If not now, when?" Ethics of the Fathers, 1:14

tractate =“Masechet” מסכת
vocab 101 tractate =“Masechet” מסכת 6 orders of the Mishnah ששה סדרי משנה is sometimes abbreviated as ש׳׳ס “SHAS”

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan So that’s the Mishnah. But the conversation didn’t end there, it kept continuing, both in the land of Israel and in Babylonia (Iraq), where Jewish life became centered after the destruction of the Second Temple. So a new text was codified: perhaps the most famous commentary of all time. Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan The Gemara uses the same organizational structure (orders and tractates) as the Mishnah and comments upon it. The authors of the Gemara are called Amora’im. Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Gemara prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah

mishnah + gemara =

mishnah + gemara = Talmud

The talmud! mishnah Gemara

jewish texts: dynamics of development expansive commentary expansive
Torah expansive commentary First you have a canonized text. Then commentators explore every inch of it, trying to figure out what it means, filling tomes with their interpretations. Then all of the commentaries get too unwieldy and someone comes around to summarize it all and write the new bottom line. Then that bottom line becomes like a canon, and the process begins anew. Mishnah expansive commentary Talmud

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Gemara prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah

תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל (Tanach) (Chazal) Midrash Mishnah Gemara Biblical Rabbinic
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Midrash Mishnah Gemara Biblical Rabbinic תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל (Tanach) (Chazal) Where are we so far? Biblical, rabbinic… but the conversation didn’t end there! Later scholars joined the conversation, commenting on what came before. Next period is medieval…

תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) Midrash
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Midrash Mishnah Gemara Midrash Mishnah Gemara Biblical Biblical Rabbinic Rabbinic medieval תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) And we divide into the early period, centered in Babylonia (geonim)…

גאנים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Geonim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal)
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Midrash Mishnah Gemara Midrash Mishnah Gemara Biblical Biblical Rabbinic Rabbinic medieval גאנים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Geonim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) And the late period, with centers in Germany/France and Spain/North Africa (rishonim).

גאנים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Geonim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal)
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Midrash Mishnah Gemara Midrash Mishnah Gemara Biblical Biblical Rabbinic Rabbinic medieval גאנים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Geonim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) ראשונים (Rishonim)

Commentary on Tanach, Talmud
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Midrash Mishnah Gemara Midrash Mishnah Gemara Responsa, Philosophy, Commentary on Tanach, Talmud Biblical Biblical Rabbinic Rabbinic medieval גאנים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Geonim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) They engaged in the following genres… ראשונים (Rishonim)

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Midrash Mishnah Gemara Midrash Mishnah Gemara Responsa, Philosophy, Commentary on Tanach, Talmud • Rav Saadia Gaon 9c Babylonia Biblical Biblical Rabbinic Rabbinic medieval גאנים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Geonim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) The most famous of the geonim was R’Saadia Gaon. ראשונים (Rishonim)

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Midrash Mishnah Gemara Midrash Mishnah Gemara Responsa, Philosophy, Commentary on Tanach, Talmud • Rav Saadia Gaon 9c Babylonia Biblical Biblical Rabbinic Rabbinic medieval גאנים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל •Rashi 11th C France •Tosefot 11-13th C France •Rif 11th C Spain/N. Africa •Rambam 12th C Spain/N. Africa •Abraham Izn Ezra •Ramban 13th C Spain/Israel •Rosh 13th C Germany/Spain (Geonim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) There were hundreds upon hundreds of rishonim, here are some of the most prominent. Rif = Isaac Alfasi, Rosh = Asher ben Yehiel. Some, like Ibn Ezra, engaged primarily in commentary on the Torah, some, like Rif, engaged primarily in commentary on the Talmud, and some, like Rashi, did everything. ראשונים (Rishonim)

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 (תנאים + אמוראים) Midrash Mishnah Gemara Responsa, Philosophy, Commentary on Tanach, Talmud Biblical Biblical Rabbinic Rabbinic medieval medieval Modern גאנים גאנים אחרונים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Geonim) (Geonim) (Achronim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) And the conversation continued into the modern period, leading to further developments in… ראשונים ראשונים (Rishonim) (Rishonim)

גאנים גאנים אחרונים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל (Geonim) (Geonim)
<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 (תנאים + אמוראים) Midrash Mishnah Gemara Responsa, Philosophy, Commentary on Tanach, Talmud Biblical Biblical Rabbinic Rabbinic medieval medieval Modern גאנים גאנים אחרונים תנ׳׳ך תנ׳׳ך חז׳׳ל חז׳׳ל Kabbalah Hassidut …and continued commentary on all of the prior genres! (Geonim) (Geonim) (Achronim) (Tanach) (Tanach) (Chazal) (Chazal) ראשונים ראשונים (Rishonim) (Rishonim)

Some prominent achronim
R’ Yosef Karo (“The Mechaber”) R’ Moshe Chaim Luzzatto R’ Isaac Luria (“The Ari”) R’ Elijah ben Solomon (“The Vilna Gaon”) R’ Chaim HaLevi Soloveitchik (“The Brisker Rav”) R’ Samson Raphael Hirsch R’ Yisrael Meir Kagan (“The Chofetz Chaim”) R’ Abraham Yeshaya Karlitz (“The Chazon Ish”) R’ Abraham Isaac Kook R’ Joseph B. Soloveitchik I’m not telling you this to overwhelm you — just to start to gain familiarity with the names and put them in their place.

Shulchan aruch Code of jewish law
His intention was to summarize what came before and codify Jewish law in such simple terms so that anyone could pick it up and follow it. Then Mishnah Brurah wrote modern commentary. Very mainstream starting point for deciding law today. Rambam Rif Rosh

jewish texts: dynamics of development expansive commentary expansive
Maimonides’ Mishnah Torah expansive commentary Again, the dynamics of expansion and contraction. First you have a canonized text. Then commentators explore every inch of it, trying to figure out what it means, filling tomes with their interpretations. Then all of the commentaries get too unwieldy and someone comes around to summarize it all and write the new bottom line. Then that bottom line becomes like a canon, and the process begins anew. Shulchan Aruch expansive commentary Mishnah Brurah

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Gemara prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Gemara prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah rashi

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Born in Spain, lived in Morocco, died in Egypt The “supercomputer” of Torah. Wrote the Mishnah Torah (meticulously organized) and Guide to the Perplexed, great philosopher and legalist. Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built Second Temple is built Gemara maimonides prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah rashi

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built shulchan Aruch Second Temple is built Gemara maimonides prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah rashi

<—————————————————-——————————————————————BCE CE——————————————————————————> 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve The Flood, Noah’s Ark 5 Books of moses (תורה “torah”) Abraham goes to Canaan And the process continues. Exodus from Egypt, Giving of the Torah First Temple is built shulchan Aruch Second Temple is built Gemara maimonides prophets and writings“ נביאים וכתובים) “nevi’im and ketuvim”) Second Temple is destroyed Purim Spanish MISHNAH expulsion hebrew bible (תנ׳׳ך “Tanach”) Chanukah American judaism rashi

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