1. World Geography Chapter 5 - Population
Human Geography
World Geography
Chapter 5 - Population

2. Demography Demography: the study of population
Why do we study population?
Trends
Find out what is changing
Make predictions
Demographics: population characteristics of a particular area

3. Population

4. Most/Least Populated http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIZWX_AypNg

5. People are NOT distributed evenly across the Earth.

6. Population Concentrations
Where do people in the world live?
Temperate (mid-latitude climates): not too hot or too cold, lots of vegetation (but no extremes – rainforest, tundra)
Near water

8. Major Population Centers
East Asia
1/4 of the world’s population is here-China with over 1.3 billion.
Most Chinese live on the east coast.
Other areas include Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
Most people are farmers, not city dwellers.

9. Major Population Centers
South Asia
2nd major population cluster.
dense pop. Along the Ganges and Indus rivers.
1.5 billion in South Asia and over 1.1 billion in India alone
Bangladesh (size of Iowa) with 141 million.

10. Major Population Centers
Europe
3rd in population with 700 million
75% to 90% living in cities.
Population density varies from the highest in the Netherlands to very low in Iceland.

11. Major Population Centers
North America
Megalopolis Boston to Washington, D.C. which includes New York, Philadelphia and Boston.
Other major population concentrations: Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego.
Unlike Europe, North America has large areas of sparsely populated regions.

12. Arithmetic Density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
highest population densities are found in Asia, Europe and Central America.

14. Physiological Density
the number of people per unit of arable land
a better measure than arithmetic density of the relationship between population and resources
can be misleading since it does not consider the productivity of the soil or the resources and expertise of the farmers

16. World Population Growth –
Rate of natural increase (does not take into account immigration and emigration).

17. Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing
Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing. Where have Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) fallen below replacement level and why?

18. Population Growth
After 2 centuries of slow growth, world population began explosive growth after WW II.
UN Projections are for global growth are at nearly 9 billion by 2050.
The total may rise to over 11 billion by the end of the 21st century.
Greatest growth in the 1990s took place in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa.

19. After 2 centuries of slow growth, world population began explosive growth after WW II.
UN Projections are for global growth of nearly 9 billion by 2050.
The total may rise to over 11 billion by the end of the 21st century.
Greatest growth in the 1990s took place in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa.

20. Crude Birth Rate: total # of births per 1000 of the population

21. Total Fertility Rate
TFR is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her child-bearing years (roughly ages 15 through 49).
It is age-adjusted, thus 2 nations with identical birth rates may have quite different fertility rates and prospects for growth.

22. Total Fertility Rate

23. Replacement Rate
Replacement fertility is the total fertility rate at which newborn girls would have an average of exactly one daughter over their lifetimes.
That is, women have just enough female babies to replace themselves (or, equivalently, adults have just enough total babies to replace themselves).

24. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 to 2.5 children per
TFR is the average number of children that would be born to each woman if during her child-bearing years, she bore children at the same rate as women of those ages actually did in a given year. It is age-adjusted, thus 2 nations with identical birth rates may have quite different fertility rates and prospects for growth.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 to 2.5 children per
woman is considered “replacement level.”

25. TFR: UN Projections Years TFR 1950–1955 4.95 1955–1960 4.89
1950–
1955–
1960–
1965–
1970–
1975–
1980–
1985–
1990–
1995–
2000–
2005–
2010–

26. Crude Death Rates Aka mortality rate
# of deaths per 1000 individuals per year
(thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95% out of the total)
show less world wide variability than do birth rates due to widespread availability of at least minimal health care and a generally youthful population in the developing nations where death rates are frequently lower than in “old age” Europe.

27. Crude Death Rates show less world wide variability than do birth rates due to widespread availability of at least minimal health care and a generally youthful population in the developing nations where death rates are frequently lower than in “old age” Europe.
Crude Death Rates

28. deblij_ch02_table01
deblij_ch02_table01.jpg

29. In the US
85 years and older is the fastest growing group in the US Population
2005 the “old old” topped 5 million
By 2050 it is expected to be 20 million
Midwest has a high percentage since the young leave for jobs elsewhere.
Boston and San Francisco have gone grayer as seniors age in place.

30. 85 years and older is the fastest growing group in the US Population
2005 the “old old” topped 5 million
By 2050 it is expected to be 20 million
Midwest has a high percentage since the young leave for jobs elsewhere.
Boston and San Francisco have gone grayer as seniors age in place.

31. Infant Mortality Rates
Dramatic declines in the rates have occurred in all countries as a result of international health care delivery programs.
Despite these efforts the most dramatic decreases in infant mortality have been in the urbanize, industrialized west.

32. Dramatic declines in the rates have occurred in all countries as a result of international health care delivery programs. Despite these efforts the most dramatic decreases in infant mortality have been in the urbanize, industrialized west.
Infant Mortality Rate: - the number of deaths of children under the age of 1, per thousand of the general population.

33. Life Expectancy: The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

34. Dependency Ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

35. Population under the age of 15 - usually shown as a percentage of the total population of a country - dependency age is 0-15

36. Mean Age http://world.bymap.org/MedianAge.html
“Train surfing” in Brazil

37. What is the Demographic Transition?
The shift from high to low mortality and fertility through four distinct stages.
Based on the experience of Western Europe’s Industrial Age.
Began by Warren Thompson in 1929.
Further developed in 1945 by Frank Notestein
A sign of socio-economic progress?
The shift from high mortality and fertility to low mortality and fertility is known as the “demographic transition.”
It is based on the experience of Western Europe, in particular England and Wales.
This model was first described by the American demographer Warren Thompson in 1929.
In 1945, Frank W. Notestein further developed this theory and suggested that there was a relationship between population change and industrialization. A debate continues questioning if population growth must decline for economic development or if economic progress (or industrialization) leads to slower population growth.
In light of this debate, the completion of the demographic transition has come to be associated with socioeconomic progress.
[FYI – The factors that drive childbearing trends—such as the economy, education, gender relations, and access to family planning—are numerous and complex. These same factors are signs of socioeconomic development.]

38. The Classic Demographic Transition
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Time
Natural
increase
Birth rate
Death rate
Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths.
This chart explains the typical changes in the birth rate and death rate that happen as a country industrializes (including the U.S.).
It models the classic demographic transition. This shift occurred throughout Europe, North America, and a number of other areas in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and started in many developing countries in the middle of the 20th century.
Stage 1: The trend of high birth and death rates (and minimal population growth)
Stage 2: Starts when the death rate begins to drop for years, and often decades, until the beginning of its stabilization at a new, low level. (In Europe, this stage happened because of improved health and living conditions and marked beginning a period of rapid population growth.)
Stage 3: Next the birth rate falls to about the same, low level as the death rate.
Stage 4: With birth and death rates at similar low levels, the equilibrium of slow population growth is regained.
[FYI - Declines in the birth rate around the world have also become steeper due to the widespread availability of contraceptives in the last half of the 20th Century. In % of married women worldwide had access to family planning. By % of married women had access to family planning. (PRB, “Transitions in World Population,” Population Bulletin, p. 8)]

39. Stage 1 - High Fluctuating
Reasons
Birth Rate is high as a result of:
Lack of family planning
High Infant Mortality Rate: putting babies in the 'bank'
Need for workers in agriculture
Religious beliefs
Children as economic assets
Death Rate is high because of:
High levels of disease
Famine
Lack of clean water and sanitation
Lack of health care
War
Competition for food from predators such as rats
Lack of education
Typical of Britain in the 18th century and the Least Economically Developed Countries (LEDC's) today.
Crude Birth Rate: High / 1,000
Crude Death Rate: High / 1,000
Natural Increase Rate: None / 1,000
Today, no country in the world is in Stage 1.

40. Stage 2 - Early Expanding
Reasons
Death Rate is falling as a result of:
Improved health care (e.g. Smallpox Vaccine)
Improved Hygiene (Water for drinking boiled)
Improved sanitation
Improved food production and storage
Improved transport for food
Decreased Infant Mortality Rates
Typical of Britain in 19th century; Bangladesh; Nigeria
Crude Birth Rate: High / 1,000
Crude Death Rate: Lower / 1,000
Natural Increase Rate: Very High 25+/1,000

41. Stage 3 - Late Expanding Crude Birth Rate: Lower 20 / 1,000
Reasons
Family planning available
Lower Infant Mortality Rate
Increased mechanization reduces need for workers
Increased standard of living
Changing status of women
Typical of Britain in late 19th and early 20th century; China; Brazil.
Crude Birth Rate: Lower / 1,000
Crude Death Rate: Low / 1,000
Natural Increase Rate: Low / 1000

42. Stage 4 - Low Fluctuating
Reasons
Economy is settled
Fully developed Middle Class
Political stability
Typical of USA; Sweden; Japan; Britain
Crude Birth Rate: Low / 1,000
Crude Death Rate: Low / 1,000
Natural Increase Rate: None / 1,000