1. MLK v. Malcolm X & the Black Power Movement

2. Birth & Early Life 1929 1925 Son of a preacher Father murdered
MLK
Malcolm X
1929
Son of a preacher
Stable childhood
1925
Father murdered
Foster Child
Drug dealer, crime, prison

3. Education Morehouse-BA Boston Univ.-PhD Informal/prison Self-Educated
MLK
Malcolm X
Morehouse-BA
Boston Univ.-PhD
Informal/prison
Self-Educated

4. Family
MLK
Malcolm X
Coretta Scott
Betty Shabbazz

5. Major Speeches/Documents
MLK
Malcolm X
“I Have a Dream”
“I’ve Been to a Mountaintop”
“Letter from Birmingham Jail”
“Ballot or the Bullet”
“Message from the Grassroots”

6. Religion
MLK
Malcolm X
Baptist
Black Muslim (Nation of Islam)

7. Religious/Political Organizations
MLK
Malcolm X
SCLC
Nation of Islam
Organization for Afro-American Unity

8. Summary of Beliefs/Accomplishments
MLK
Malcolm X
Non-violence (Gandhi)
Civil disobedience
Integration
Black self-reliance
Militancy
Black separatism
Black supremacy

9. Death Assassination Memphis 1968 James Earl Ray Assassination NY 1965
MLK
Malcolm X
Assassination
Memphis 1968
James Earl Ray
Assassination
NY 1965
Nation of Islam

10. Martin & Malcolm
This image shows the only time Martin Luther King and Malcolm X ever met, and was taken before a press conference at the U.S. Capitol on 26 March 1964.
For years, the two had represented opposite sides of the struggle: King was a leader of the southern Civil Rights Movement, while Malcolm X was recognized as a voice for urban African Americans; however, by 1964 they were moving closer.

11. Quote Analysis

12. Quotes Dr. King on Integration –
“I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.”
“A genuine leader is not a searcher for consensus but a molder of consensus.”

13. Quotes Malcolm X on Integration –
"If I have a cup of coffee that is too strong for me because it is too black, I weaken it by pouring cream into it. I integrate it with cream. If I keep pouring enough cream in the coffee, pretty soon the entire flavor of the coffee is changed; the very nature of the coffee is changed. If enough cream is poured in, eventually you don't even know that I had coffee in this cup. This is what happened with the March on Washington. The whites didn't integrate it; they infiltrated it. Whites joined it; they engulfed it; they became so much a part of it, it lost its original flavor. It ceased to be a black march; it ceased to be militant; it ceased to be angry; it ceased to be impatient. In fact, it ceased to be a march."

14. Quotes Dr. King on Malcolm X
"You know, right before he was killed he came down to Selma and said some pretty passionate things against me, and that surprised me because after all it was my territory there. But afterwards he took my wife aside, and said he thought he could help me more by attacking me than praising me. He thought it would make it easier for me in the long run."

15. Quotes Malcolm X on Dr. King
“He got the peace prize, we got the problem. ... If I'm following a general, and he's leading me into a battle, and the enemy tends to give him rewards, or awards, I get suspicious of him. Especially if he gets a peace award before the war is over.”
“Dr. King wants the same thing I want – freedom!”

16. Quotes Dr. King on Violence and Power
“Have we not come to such an impasse in the modern world that we must love our enemies – or else? The chain reaction of evil – hate begetting hate, wars producing more wars – must be broken, or else we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation.”

17. Quotes Malcolm X on Violence and Power
“Who ever heard of angry revolutionists all harmonizing "We shall overcome ... Some Day..." while tripping and swaying along arm-in-arm with the very people they were supposed to be angrily revolting against? Who ever heard of angry revolutionists swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily-pad park pools, with gospels and guitars and "I have a dream" speeches? And the black masses in America were – and still are – having a nightmare.”

18. Racial Violence…

19. Freedom Summer CORE / SNCC campaign to gain voting rights in Miss.
Who? College students, mostly white, 1/3 females
What? Helped register voters
June ‘63: KKK & police murdered 3 civil rights workers (2 white)
Summer: Racial beatings, murders, and burning houses took place

20. Selma Campaign SCLC voting campaign in Selma, Alabama
1965: 2,000+ African Americans were arrested for demonstrations
Jimmy Lee Jackson: Murdered
Response? King marches with 600 protesters 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery
Violence: Police beat and tear-gas the marchers
Pres. Johnson: presented Voting Rights Act ‘65

21. LONG HOT SUMMERS

22. LONG HOT SUMMERS

23. LONG HOT SUMMERS

24. Watts Riots, L.A.
1960’s violence b/w white authority and black civilians
Aug. 11, ‘65: (5 days after voting act) worst race riot in U.S. history
What?
LA police officer pulled over motorist Marquette Frye; suspected of driving drunk
While officers questioned them, a crowd of onlookers had begun to form
When Rena Frye, the boys mother showed up, a struggle led to the arrest of all 3 members of the Frye family
More officers had arrived on the scene and had hit the brothers with their batons. The crowd had grown and by this point had become angry.
After the police left the scene, the crowd & tension escalated and sparked the riots, which lasted 6 days.
Damage? 34 killed, 1,000 wounded, $100 million in property damage
1967: riots in over 100 cities

25. WATTS

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32. WATTS

33. Newark, NY Riots
What? began with the arrest of a black cab driver named, who allegedly drove around a double-parked police car
He was subsequently stopped, interrogated, arrested, and severely beaten by the officers
As news of the arrest spread, a crowd began to assemble outside the precinct house
When the police allowed a few civil rights leaders to visit the prisoner, they demanded that he be taken to a hospital
Rumor spread that he had died in police custody, when he had been transported to a local hospital
Soon bricks and bottles were launched at the precinct house
As the crowd dispersed they began to break into stores
Eventually violence spread from the predominantly black neighborhoods and the State Police were mobilized
Within 48 hours, National Guard troops entered the city, made matters worse
Results? 6 days of rioting, 23 dead, 725 injured, and 1500 arrested

34. NEWARK

35. NEWARK

36. NEWARK

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38. NEWARK

39. NEWARK

40. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Kerner Commission:
March 1, 1968
Study the causes of urban violence
Findings:
“Our nation is moving towards 2 societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal”
Called for:
Create new jobs
Construct new housing
End de facto segregation
Response
Johnson ignores recommendations
Too many whites against it

41. What did we gain? Ended de jure segregation (by law)
Civil Rights Act of:
1964 – Banned discrimination in employment & public accommodations
1968 – Ended discrimination in housing
Increase in:
Jobs, college enrollment, voting, public accommodations, wealth, cultural pride,

42. Unfinished Work Legally confronted issues of:
Housing/job discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, racism
Difficult task to change people’s perspective and behavior
Level the playing field
Proposition of more tax $ going to inner-cities
Affirmative action

43. Unfinished work 1990: white flight  reversed progress
1996-7: 28% of blacks in South and 50% in North were still attending schools with less than 10% white population
How are race relations today??