1. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
CHAPTER 15

2. What is Epidemiology?

3. Table 33-1

4. Epidemiology What is Epidemiology? Etiology Incidence Prevalence
causation
a/a+b

5. Epidemiological Terms
Morbidity
Mortality

6. Figure 33-6

7. Diseases in Populations
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic
Sporadic

8. Figure 33-2

9. Incidence Types

10. Disease Spread
Common Source Outbreak
Propagated Epidemic

11. Epidemiologic Studies
Descriptive
Analytical
Experimental

12. The Basic Triad Of Descriptive Epidemiology
THE THREE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE WE LOOK FOR IN DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY:
TIME
PLACE
PERSON

13. Time Changing or stable? Seasonal variation.
Clustered (epidemic) or evenly distributed (endemic)?
Point source or propagated.

14. Place Geographically restricted or widespread (pandemic)?
Relation to water or food supply.  
Multiple clusters or one?

15. Person
Age
Socio-economic status
Gender
Ethnicity/Race
Behavior

16. The Basic Triad Of Analytic Epidemiology
THE THREE PHENOMENA ASSESSED IN ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE:
HOST
Define host, agent?
AGENT
ENVIRONMENT

17. Agents Nutrients Poisons Allergens Radiation Physical trauma Microbes
Psychological experiences

18. Host Factors
Genetic endowment
Immunologic state
Age
Personal behavior

19. Environment Crowding Atmosphere
Modes of communication – phenomena in the environment that bring host and agent together, such as:
Vector
Vehicle
Reservoir

20. Infection Reservoirs
Human
Animal
Non-living

21. Microbe Spread
Portals of Entry

22. Microbe Spread
Portals of Exit

23. Modes of Disease Transmission
Contact
Vehicles
Vectors

24. Problems in Disease Transmission
Disease Cycles
Herd Immunity

25. Controlling Disease Transmission
Biosafety

26. Public Health Organizations
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
World Health Organization (WHO)

27. Notifiable Diseases Definition:
Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases

28. Nosocomial Infections
Sources

29. Nosocomial Infection Risks
Susceptibility
Transmission
Universal Precautions

30. Blood- Other stream 17% infections 14% Surgical site infections 22%
Figure 33-9
Blood-
stream
infections
14%
Other
17%
Surgical
site infections
22%
Urinary
tract
infections
32%
Pneumonia
15%

31. Risks
Equipment/Procedures
Sites of Infection

32. Bioterrorism

33. Anthrax

34. Smallpox