1. Plant Form and Function
Learning Goal: How are plants structurally adapted for survival?
Concept 2: Analyzing the reproduction of angiosperms and modifications through biotechnology (Ch 38)
Refer to pg in Holtzclaw Ch 38 in Campbell Media resources

2. But first from last class... Try This!
Label the three types of plant tissue in the diagram below:

3. But first from last class... Try This!
Label the three types of plant tissue in the diagram below:

4. But first from last class... Try This!
What are the two different types of vascular tissue and what do they transport?

5. But first from last class... Try This!
Types of tissue:
Dermal tissue – outer protective covering
Vascular tissue – carries out transportation of materials between roots and shoots
Xylem – transports water and dissolved minerals up from roots into the shoots
Phloem – transports sugars from leaves to other parts of plant (sites of growth)
Ground tissue – not dermal or vascular

6. But first from last class... Try This!
What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?

7. But first from last class... Try This!
What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?

8. But first from last class... Try This!
What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth? Primary growth allows for lengthening in shoots and roots (via apical meristems) Secondary growth allows for increased thickness (via lateral meristems).

9. But first from last class... Try This!
The rhizosphere includes:
Soil
Plant roots
Bacteria
Fungi
All of the above

10. But first from last class... Try This!
The rhizosphere includes:
Soil
Plant roots
Bacteria
Fungi
All of the above!

11. But first from last class... Try This!
If a wide-spectrum fungicide that kills all fungal species was used extensively in a forest, what effects might you expect the treatment to have on the forest vegetation?

12. But first from last class... Try This!
If a wide-spectrum fungicide that kills all fungal species was used extensively in a forest, what effects might you expect the treatment to have on the forest vegetation?
Kill mycorrhizae
Decreased surface area for plant for water uptake and mineral absorption (no increased fungal surface area)
Less root growth (no fungal secretions)
More susceptibility to disease (no antibiotics)

13. Any other questions from last class?
Make sure you have completed:
Concept 1 Handout
Questions #12-16, p. 224 in Holtzclaw

14. Concept 2: Analyzing the reproduction of angiosperms and modifications through biotechnology (Ch 38)

15. The process of double fertilization, a unique feature of angiosperms.
Concept 2: Analyzing the reproduction of angiosperms and modifications through biotechnology (Ch 38)
You must know:
The process of double fertilization, a unique feature of angiosperms.
The relationship between seed and fruit.
The structure and functions of all parts of the flower

16. Angiosperm Life Cycle – the three “F”s
Flowers
Fruit
double Fertilization

17. Remember This?

18. The Gametophyte Generation
Embryo Sac (megaspore) = Female Gametophyte (n)
Pollen Grain (microspore) = Male Gametophyte (n)

20. Pollination...
Pollination = the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

21. Pollination...

22. A story of frustrated love...
Male wasp of: Campsoscolia ciliata
Mediterranian orchid: Ophrys speculum
Male wasp attempts to mate with the flower
Sac of pollen is “glued” to the wasp
Male wasp becomes frustrated and leaves... Is attracted to another flower and tries to mate with it, bringing with it the pollen from the previous orchid!
Why? Attracted to the shape or largest petal, frill or orange bristles resemble wasp female AND orchid secretes chemicals that resemble those secreted by sexually receptive female wasps!! It’s perfuming itself!
Plant benefits by sexually reproducing with distant plants, wasp does NOT benefit... Infact it is hindered by wasting time. This is not mutualism (as with bees that get nectar in return).

23. A story of mutualism...

24. A story of mutualism...

25. A story of mutualism...

26. A story of mutualism...

27. A story of mutualism...

28. A story of mutualism...
Crops, humans

29. Double Fertilization
If pollination is successful, a pollen grain will produce a pollen tube
Pollen tube grows to the ovary
Double Fertilization occurs
One sperm fertilizes the egg
Forms zygote (2n) – will be new sporophyte
One sperm fertilizes both polar nuclei
Forms endosperm (3n) – will be food-storing tissue

30. Double Fertilization

31. Think...
What’s the difference between pollination and fertilization?

32. Seed and Fruit Development

33. Three Generations in One House
A seed contains:
The new sporophyte embryo (2n)
The remains of the female gametophyte (n)
The seed coat produced by the embryo’s “grandparent.” (2n)

34. Three Generations in One House

35. Think...
The seedless banana, the world’s most popular fruit, is losing the battle against two fungal epidemics. Why do such epidemics generally pose a greater risk to asexually propagated crops?

36. The process of double fertilization, a unique feature of angiosperms.
Concept 2: Analyzing the reproduction of angiosperms and modifications through biotechnology (Ch 38)
You must know:
The process of double fertilization, a unique feature of angiosperms.
The relationship between seed and fruit.
The structure and functions of all parts of the flower

37. Practice: Holtzclaw: #22, 23, p. 225
Campbell: #1- 5 AND Evolution Connection p. 820
Preview Concept 3 before next class:
pg in Holtzclaw
Ch 39 in Campbell and media resources

38. Putting it all together...
Page 820 in Campbell – Assess next class
# 12 Evolution Connection
With respect to sexual reproduction, some plant species are fully self-fertile, others are fully self- incompatible, and some exhibit a “mixed strategy” with partial self-incompatibility. These reproductive strategies differ in their implications for evolutionary potential. How, for example, might a self-incompatible species fare as a small founder population or remnant population in a severe population bottleneck (see Ch 23), as compared with a self-fertile species?

39. And now let’s dissect some flowers and seeds!