1. Warm Up – March 27 Answer the following questions on a post it:
1. Describe differences between the fur trade of North America and the fur trade of Siberia
2. How were Russian settlers able to “Russify” native peoples?
3. How was Russian imperialism different from European imperialism?

2. Period 4: 1450-1750 (Global interactions)
European and Asian Commerce

3. Portugal Trading Article
Take notes while reading by focusing on the following topics:
Ship Advancements made by Portugal
What did Portugal do to secure their ability to trade?
Where was Portugal able to establish port cities? Why are these important?
What was significant about Portugal reaching Indonesia?
What is significant about Portugal capturing a fort at Malacca?
Where and why was Portugal able to continue trading in China when China was resistant to trade with outsiders?

4. Europeans and Asian Commerce
European countries that got involved in Asian commerce = first the Portuguese, then the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British
Motivations for European involvement in Asian commerce:
Exotic spices = cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper
Chinese silk
Indian cotton and rhubarb
Precious gems = emeralds, rubies, and sapphires

5. Europeans and Asian Commerce
Goal of Europeans in Asia = trade, not empire-building

6. The East India Companies
British and Dutch East India Companies
Both militarily and economically stronger than Portugal  quickly overtook Portugal within the Indian Ocean network in the early 1600s
Established their own parallel and competing trading post empires
Dutch = focused on Indonesia
British = focused on India

7. The East India Companies
East India Companies = private trading companies that use merchant investors to raise money and share risks
These companies were granted charters by their governments that allowed them to:
Make war
Govern conquered peoples
Hold trading monopolies

8. Dutch East India Company
Trading posts = in Indonesia
Controlled production and shipping of: cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace (all spices)
Seized control of spice-producing islands with force and bloodshed

9. British East India Company
Trading posts = in India
Did not practice “trade by warfare” like the Dutch  were no match for the Mughal Empire in India
Secured their trading bases on the coast with the permission of Mughal authorities
Usually took substantial payments and bribes
Focus = Indian cotton textiles

10. Asian Commerce
Impact of European involvement in Asian commerce = not very big on the major powers of South and East Asia (Mughal India, China, and Japan)
Europe posed no real military or economic threat to them
Were able to get rid of European intruders if need be

11. Japan and the Europeans
When European merchants first arrived in Japan (1500s)  Japan = tied down with interior conflicts between competing daimyos (feudal lords), each with his own band of samurai
Result = it was easy for the Europeans to stay there
European ideas taken by the Japanese = shipbuilding skills, military technology, geographic knowledge, commercial opportunities, and religious ideas

12. Japan and the Europeans
Early 1600s = Japan unified politically by military commanders
Now led by the lead commander = shogun
From the Tokugawa clan
Set up the Tokugawa Shogunate
Shoguns began to see Europeans as a threat to Japan’s new unity
Tokugawa Ieyasu

13. Japan and the Europeans
Result = Japan did the following:
Expelled Christian missionaries
Violently suppressed the practice of Christianity
Included: Torture and execution of missionaries and converts
Forbade Japanese people from travelling abroad
Banned European traders from entering Japan
Result = Japan became isolated from the world of European commerce for 2 centuries ( )
Maintained trading ties with only China and Korea
Painting of Japanese authorities

14. Explain the extent to which the Protestant Reformation represented a Turning Point in the Period from
Thesis –
The Protestant Reformation represented a turning point during the period from by creating new branches of Christianity that helped to challenge the Catholic Church and also cause the Catholic Church to reform itself from within.
Context –
Martin Luther, a German priest, felt that the Catholic Church was too focused on building its own power and wealth at a time when the Catholic Church was very politically powerful. After writing his 95 theses, a pamphlet focused on the Catholic Church’s selling of indulgences, he sought to change the practices of the Catholic Church. Once the Church resisted, he led a movement to break away from the Church to create a new branch of Christianity.

15. 1st Paragraph - Introduction
The Protestant Reformation represented a turning point during the period from by creating new branches of Christianity that helped to challenge the Catholic Church and also cause the Catholic Church to reform itself from within. Martin Luther, a German priest, felt that the Catholic Church was too focused on building its own power and wealth at a time when the Catholic Church was very politically powerful. After writing his 95 theses, a pamphlet focused on the Catholic Church’s selling of indulgences, he sought to change the practices of the Catholic Church. Once the Church resisted, he led a movement to break away from the Church to create a new branch of Christianity.

16. Paragraph 2
The creation of new branches of Christianity that challenged the power and authority of the Catholic Church helped to make the Reformation a turning point. Reformers felt that the Catholic Church should be more focused on teaching about God and the Bible. Instead, reformers viewed the Church as being more focused on building up its own power and wealth. The Church, instead of teaching about God’s gift of forgiveness as a way of achieving salvation, sold indulgences to anyone committing a sin letting them believe this was their “ticket to heaven.” One of the new branches of Christianity created as a result of the Reformation, sought to teach that having faith in God was the path to salvation. This challenged the Catholic Church and helped to attract more followers to the new branches of Protestanism.

17. Conclusion
The Protestant Reformation as a turning point can be compared to the Crusades. Similar to the Protestant Reformation, the Crusades transformed the political and cultural structures of Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Prior to the Crusades, people lived and worked on manors. Trade had stopped and cultures rarely interacted with one another. The Crusades brought Europeans into contact with other cultures and goods which they sought to trade for. This need to trade brought an end to the feudal system and brought trade and cultural diffusion back to the civilizations of Western Europe.

18. Long Essay Practice
Using specific examples, analyze causes of European exploration and effects on the Americas (Causation)
1st Paragraph - Introduction
Thesis – respond directly to the question – include two examples that you will discuss
This is causation so one example should be a cause and one should be an effect
Contextualization (3 sentences) – What was European Exploration? Who was involved?
2nd Paragraph – Go into detail –use examples to support your first example
3rd Paragraph – go into detail – use examples to support your second example
4th Paragraph - Conclusion – Synthesis – connect the cause or effect of European Exploration to a similar event in history

19. TOD – March 27 Goals of Europeans in Asia
Answer the following questions on the same post it as the warm up:
Goals of Europeans in Asia
Similarity and Difference between Dutch East India Company and British East India Company
European ideas incorporated by Japanese
What is a shogun? How did the emergence of shoguns influence how the Japanese viewed Europeans?

20. Causes of the Renaissance
Cultural awakening in Western Europe
Secularism
People questioning the authority of the Church

21. Effects of the Renaissance
Humanism = intellectual movement that focused on secular (worldly, nonreligious) themes rather than religious ideas that had dominated medieval thought
individualism = emphasis on the dignity & worth of the individual person
Opened schools that taught the humanities
New types of literature
Autobiographies
The Prince = book written by Niccolo Machiavelli

22. Causes of the Reformation
Selling church positions
Selling indulgences = certificates issued by the church that reduced or canceled punishment for a person’s sins  people would buy them to ensure going to Heaven
Luxurious life of the popes
Corruption and immorality of some clergy

23. Effects of the Protestant Reformation
Creation of Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglicanism Branches of Protestant Christianity
Religious conflicts between Catholics and Hugenouts
Catholic Counter – Reformation – Catholic Church reforming itself
Reaffirmed Catholic teachings and practices
Put an end to Church abuses, such as the selling of indulgences and church positions
Put emphasis on creating a better-educated clergy

24. European Motivations for Exploration
Wanted a quicker way to get eastern goods
Wanted to spread Christianity
Wanted Christian allies with whom they could face threatening Muslim powers
Learning and imagination

25. European Advantages for Exploration
Technology and Exploration
New technology allowed explorers to venture away from the sight of land
Magnetic compass
More accurate maps
Ships that used several masts & sails
Efficiently mobilized human and material resources
Seafaring technology allowed them to cross the Atlantic easily
Ironworking technology
Gunpowder weapons
Horses
Germs and Diseases – greatest weapon

26. Causes and Effects of the Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange = the enormous network, migration, trade, spread of disease, and transfer of plants of animals between Europe and the Americas
Effects on Europe:
New information flooded - Led to the Scientific Revolution into Europe
Gained wealth from the colonies - Led to the Industrial Revolution
Colonies provided an outlet for Europe’s growing population
Mercantilism = governments served their countries’ economic interests best by exporting more than they import

27. Effects of Columbian Exchange
Effects on America:
Disease
New economies and social structures created by European powers
Conflict
Introduction of slavery

28. Causes and Social Effects of Atlantic Slave Trade
Slaves needed to work on agricultural plantations
Slaves needed to work fields to produce sugar – valuable commodity for Europeans
Effects:
African population decreases to transfer of slaves to Americas
Slaves in America are not allowed a social status
Slavery is inherited

29. Fur Trade in North America: Impact on Native Americans
Positives
Negatives
Received items of real value (ex: copper pots, metal axes, etc.)
Strengthened their relationships with neighboring peoples
Enhance authority of chiefs  could give their followers gifts
Protected them (for a while) from enslavement, extermination, or displacement
Exposure to European diseases
Competition between tribes for furs = resulted in conflict and warfare
Often got caught up in European rivalries/conflicts
Became dependent on European goods; never learned to make them themselves
Alcohol-related problems resulting from influx of rum and brandy

30. Fur Trade North America vs. Siberia
Several European nations competing
Obtained furs using negotiations and trade with Native Americans
Only Russians and native Siberians getting furs
Obtaining furs themselves; no middlemen
Russian authorities imposed a tax (payable in furs) on all Siberian men between 18 and 50  took hostages (who were sometimes executed) if taxes not paid

31. Chinese women making silk
Silver and China
Impact of silver on China’s economy:
Led to more commercialization
In order to pay silver tax, people had to sell something  led to economic specialization
Ex: Selling just rice or just silk
Impact on China’s environment:
More land = used to grow cash crops
Result = loss of about ½ of China’s forests
Chinese women making silk

32. Silver: Impact on Spain
Positives
Negatives
Brought wealth and power to Spain
Rulers could now pursue military and political ambitions in Spain and the Americas
Supported the Spanish Empire
Over time  too much silver flowed into Spain  caused inflation = value of silver went down and prices went up
When the value of silver dropped worldwide (early 1600s), Spain began to weaken and lose power

33. Russian Empire vs. those of other Western European Countries
Other Europeans
Acquired territories next to them that they had been in contact with for a long time
Acquired territories at the same time that a Russian state was taking shape
Acquired territories far away from them that they didn’t know about until 1492
Acquired overseas empires AFTER establishing themselves as solid European states

34. Ming China Rebuilt strong central government
Reinstated civil service examinations
Increase in food and trade production
Focus = repairing the damage caused by Mongol rule
Goals of Chinese exploration:
Enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system
Bring back exotic goods from foreign lands (ex: zebras, giraffes, etc.)
Establish Chinese power and prestige in the Indian Ocean
Exert Chinese control over foreign trade

35. DBQ What caused the Protestant Reformation?
What is the question you are asking for context?

36. LEQ
Evaluate the extent to which the Crusades represented a turning point in Europe during the Middle Ages (historical skill: Causation - Cause and Effect) Two examples – one needs to be a cause and one needs to be an effect Causes: Effects: