1. AIM: How can we describe the basic characteristics of plants?
Do Now: Name all the plants you saw today
H.W. Read pages and do questions 1-5 on 245.

9. List The 5 Characteristics of Plants
They perform photosynthesis to make GLUCOSE.
Can NOT move from place to place.
They have CELL WALLS for support.
They are MULTICELLULAR and have SPECIALIZED tissues.
Must have LIGHT, CO2, H2O, O2, and minerals.

10. What is VASCULAR TISSUE??
tubelike cells that transport food & water through a plant.
How does vascular tissue help a
plant?
- allows plants to be large organisms since it enables them to transport important nutrients from one part of a plant to another.

11. What are the 2 kinds of vascular tissue?
XYLEM – carries H2o from roots (zylum) to leaves.
PHLOEM – FOOD from leaves to (flowum) roots and vice versa.

12. What are the 2 kinds of plants?
Vascular = TRACHEOPHYTES =
plants that have roots, stems and leaves.
Ex: trees, grasses
2. Non-vascular = BRYOPHYTES=
plants WITH NO roots, stems, or leaves.
ex: mosses

13. Aim: How can we describe Roots, Stems, and Leaves?
Do Now:
Hand in HW.
Describe some characteristics of Plants.
H.W.: Read pgs do questions 1-5 on 251 and 1-5 on 260

14. What is a ROOT??
organs of vascular plants (usually below ground).
What are the FUNCTIONS of a
root?
Anchor a plant to the ground
Collect water & minerals from the soil
Store food, vitamins, minerals

15. What are the 2 KINDS OF ROOTS?
TAP ROOT
– large slender root used to store
food
Ex: carrot, radish, dandelion
2. FIBROUS ROOT
– long branching roots.
Ex: trees, grass

16. ROOT TIP DIAGRAM:
ROOT HAIR – absorbs H2O
CORTEX – stores food
EPIDERMIS – protective layer
ROOT CAP – protects root tip
PHLOEM – carries food
XYLEM – carries H2O up to leaves
GROWTH REGION – dividing cells, area of growth.

17. Cross Section of a root

19. What is a STEM?
organ which connects roots & leaves.
FUNCTIONS:
supports leaves for light
Stores food
Contain vascular tissue to transport food & water.

20. What are the TYPES OF STEMS?
HERBACEOUS
soft, green, flexible
live 1-2 years
can do photosynthesis
ex: grass, tulips, weeds
WOODY
hard, brown, rigid
live many years
cannot do photosynthesis
ex: shrubs, trees

21. What are the rings in a tree trunk?
layers of old xylem cells.
New xylem is formed every year by the CAMBIUM
**Rings do not form in herbaceous
stems.

22. What is a LEAF?
plant organ that produces food (glucose) by photosynthesis.
LEAF DIAGRAM:
CUTICLE – waxy layer, prevents H2O loss
EPIDERMIS –clear,protective layer of cells
PALLISADE LAYER-most photosynthesis occurs here; cells w/lots of chloroplasts
SPONGY LAYER-little photosynthesis here
VEIN – vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
STOMATE – pore for gas exchange
GUARD CELLS – open & close stomates

24. How do plants make their own food?
by photosynthesis
They use CHLOROPHYLL (green pigment) to trap light energy and store the energy in glucose.
What is the formula for photosynthesis???
CO2+H2O+sunlight+chlorophyll+enzymes ---- C6H12O6+O2+H2O

26. How does the plant get the reactants?
CO2 – enters leaf thru stomates
H2O – roots absorb it & xylem carries it to leaf
LIGHT – from the sun
ENZYMES & CHLOROPHYLL are made by the cells in the leaf.

27. What does the plant do with the products?
GLUCOSE – broken down for energy by mitochondria during respiration
OXYGEN + WATER are excreted through the stomates.

28. What is the relationship b/w photosynthesis & respiration?
THEY ARE OPPOSITES! . . .
respiration releases energy while
Photosynthesis stores energy
How are the reactants different?
respiration – glucose & O2
photosynthesis – energy, CO2, H2O

29. How are the products different?
resp. – energy, CO2, H2O
photosyn. - glucose & O2
Where do they occur in the cell?
resp. occurs in the mitochondria of ALL cells.
photosyn. occurs in the chloroplasts of SOME leaf cells.
Resp. = C6H12O O CO2 + H2O + energy
Photosyn = CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2 +H2O
energy

30. What is a TROPISM???
growth of a plant in response to a stimulus.
** caused by plant hormones called AUXINS

31. What are some plant tropisms??
Phototropism = growth in response to light
Geotropism = growth in response to gravity
Hydrotropism = growth in response to water
Thigmotropism = growth in response to touch

32. What is a POSITIVE tropism?
growth toward the stimulus
What is a NEGATIVE tropism?
- growth away from a stimulus

33. How do plants reproduce asexually?
plants use spores OR roots, stems, or leaves to reproduce ASEXUALLY
What are SPORES?
reproductive cells produced by MITOSIS
Which plants use spores?
Moss & ferns

34. What is VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION?
reproducing new plants from vegetative structures (roots, stems, leaves) of a plant.
TYPES:
1) Bulb – short underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves.
- contain stored food & can form new plants
Ex: onions, tulips, lillies

35. 2) Runners – horizontal stem that grows along the surface of the ground.
- where stem touches soil it can form a new plant
Ex: strawberry plants, grasses
3) Tuber –swollen portion of underground stem with buds or “eyes”
- new plant develops from eye
ex: potato, yams

36. 4) Rhizome – underground stem that produces new plants.
Ex. Grass, iris
5) Cuttings – leaf which can produce roots
Ex: ivy, geranium
6) Grafting – combining the parts of 2 different plants.

37. How do plants reproduce sexually?
- Plants produce sperm and egg in special structures called cones and flowers
What is a cone?
- Reproductive structure with overlapping scales.
Male Cone = small, produce pollen (sperm)
Female Cone = large, produce egg and seeds
Conifers = plants that use cones
most have needles
EX: Pine tree

38. What is a FLOWER? Reproductive structure of most plants
Parts and functions
1. STIGMA- sticky catches pollen
2. STYLE- Supports the stigma
3. OVARY - becomes the fruit
4. OVULE- produces the egg
5. EGG- becomes the seed
6. POLLEN - holds sperm
7. ANTHER - produces pollen
8. FILAMENT - supports the anther
9. PETAL - attracts insects with color and odor
10. SEPAL - protects the “bud”
11. STEM - supports the flower

39. The pistil is the complete female part of the flower (stigma, style, ovary, ovule, egg)
The stamen is the complete male part of the flower (anther, filament, pollen)
3 Types of Flowers
1. Complete - contains both male and female parts
2. Incomplete - has either male or female parts
3. Compound - has many sets of parts

40. What is POLLINATION?
- The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
How???
- When wind, water, or animals carry pollen from flower to flower

41. What is cross POLLINATION?
Pollen is transferred from one flower to another flower

42. What is self POLLINATION?
a complete flower transfers Pollen to its own stigma

43. Exploring Fruit Where do seeds come from?
With your partner, make observations about your fruit
Once you’ve gathered enough info, walk around and share your information with two other groups
Why is there so much diversity among all these fruits?

45. What is FERTILIZATION?
The Uniting of a pollen grain (sperm) with an egg.

46. Pollination to fruit development in a flower
1. Pollination - pollen transfer to a stigma

47. After Pollination…. 2. Pollen/Sperm make a tube to the egg
3. Fertilization occurs and the flower petals wither
4.The seed and ovary develop
5.The ovary ripens

48. Bud on the end of a stem.

49. The Bud is beginning to open.

50. Still opening.

51. Almost there.

52. Just a little more.

53. The flower petals are about to emerge.

54. You can see the red petal well now

55. Several buds with red petals

57. The petals begin to unfold.

58. You can now see the sexual parts in the flower.

59. Can you Identify the sexual parts of the flower.

61. The pollen makes a tube down to the ovary and the petals fall off.

62. Fertilization occurs and the flower’s petals wither completely away.

63. The seed and ovary Develop.

64. Still developing….

65. The Fruit begins to ripen.

66. You can start to tell that it is an apple.

67. Notice the seeds in the apple ready to be dispersed.

68. SUMMARY Why are the seeds encased in fruits, which we eat?
Why is the seed casing (hard shell) built so tough?
What other types of food have seeds in them? (What do squirrels eat?)

69. What is SEED DISPERSAL? Moving the seeds away from the parent plant.
Why would you want to move the seeds away from the parent plant?
How?????

70. Wind
Dandelion seeds

71. More Wind Dispersion.
Maple
seeds.

72. Animals
raspberry, cherries

73. Water
Coconut Seeds

74. What is GERMINATION?
The growth of a seed into a plant
Stages of germination:
1. Seed sprouts a root and pushes up through the soil
2. The cotyledon feeds the plant
3. Leaves form and develop
4. The cotyledons wither away

75. What are ANNUALS?
Live for one year - dandelion
What are BIENNIALS?
Live for two years - celery
What are PERENNIALS?
Live for many years - trees

76. What is a MONOCOT?
Seed with one cotyledon - grass, corn
What is a DICOT?
Seed with 2 cotyledons

77. Differences in monocots and dicots: