1. Viruses and Six Kingdoms

2. Viruses are non living things.
Viruses cannot grow, maintain homeostasis, process energy or reproduce without a host cell.
Composed of a protein coat and a nucleic acid. (RNA or DNA).
Parts of a virus:
Nucleic Acid – DNA or RNA
Capsid-protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid
Lipid Envelope- Not present in all viruses.

3. Two ways viruses replicate:
Lysogenic Cycle- invades the host cell, integrates its DNA into the host DNA, begins to replicate with the host cell. Temperate.
Certain chemicals, etc. can cause the viral DNA to move into the lytic cycle.
Ex. Herpes
Lytic Cycle-invades a host cell, makes new viruses then destroys the cell by releasing the new viruses. Virulent.
Ex. Flu

4. Treatment and Prevention
Vaccinations
Chemicals that stimulate the body’s immune system.
If your immune system is prepared to fight a disease you will not become symptomatic.
Treatment-Viruses are difficult to cure.
Some drugs will keep the virus in a dormant (lysogenic) staganti-viral e but it is still there.
Ex. Herpes, HIV
Some viruses your body can fight.
Ex. Common Cold, Flu

5. Bacteria Simple, single-celled organisms. Can be harmful and helpful.
There are two groups of bacteria.
Archaebacteria-old, extreme bacteria
Eubacteria-newer, disease causing
Three basic shapes:
Bacilli-rod shaped
Cocci-sphere shaped
Spirilla- spiral shaped

6. Bacterial Reproduction
Cellular Division (asexual)
Since bacteria are only single celled organisms so they copy their DNA and split into two organisms.
Conjugation (sexual)
Two living bacteria bind together and one bacterium transfers genetic information (DNA) to the other.
Why might this be a problem?

7. Antibiotics Vaccination exist for bacterial infections as well.
Antibiotics fight bacteria only!!!!
When bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic the weak die first. There may be some mutants that remain or some bacteria are left behind.
These bacteria can reproduce and conjugate forming a new population of resistant bacteria!!!!

8. Kingdom Protista Protists are unicellular (mostly) and eukaryotic.
Animal-like: Some protists can move independently and are heterotrophic.
Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium, Foraminifera
Plant-like: protists that are autotrophic and cannot move independently.
Ex. Algae (only multicellular protist): Diatoms and Dinoflagellates, Spirogyra……
Fungus-like: These protists heterotrophic (decomposers) and do not move independently.
Ex. Slime molds

10. Ecological Significance of Protists
Algae is the Earth’s main source of carbon dioxide fixing!!! Thanks algae 
Algal Blooms pollute water and kill fish.
Ex. Red Tide

12. Protist Diseases
Malaria is caused by a protist that is carried in the mosquito gut.
African Sleeping Sickness is caused by a protist and carried by the Tse Tse fly.

13. Plants Day 1: General Plant Information
All Plants are
Multicellular
Autotrophic (even the carnivorous plants)
Eukaryotic
Non-motile
Cell Walls
Create a venn diagram to compare and contrast plants and fungus (station #1)

14. Plant Tissues/Parts
Leaves-collect sunlight for photosynthesis and release gases and excess water through stomata (little mouths).
Contain vascular tissue.
Can be modified for the environment.
Vascular tissue-used as a transport system in plants. Xylem carries water and phloem carries sugars (food).
Roots-absorb water from the soil and support the plant. Tiny root hairs increase water absorption.
Stems-support and structure for the plant. They contain vascular tissue.

16. Major Groups of Plants Bryophytes-mosses and worts Ferns
Nonvascular Plants-do not have special tissue to transport water and nutrients.
No roots, stems or leaves
Use spores to reproduce sexually
Ferns
vascular plants
without seeds-use spores to reproduce sexually
Because ferns have vascular tissue they can grow much larger than mosses.

17. Seeds! What are the benefits of producing seeds?
Can be dormant until proper moisture/temperature
Edible but not destroyed
Adaptations to fly or be carried on animals
Increases the chance of successful offspring
Plants are to seeds as Fungus is to ____________.

19. Gymnosperms “naked seeds”-pine trees
Vascular Tissue
First plant to evolve with seeds but they are not kept in a fruit
Angiosperms “flowering plants”-pumpkins, apple trees, tomatoes
Seeds contained within a fruit
If a plant has a fruiting body it must have a flower.

20. Plant Day 1 Stations/ 4.0
Read the instructions and different stations in your plastic sheet.
All needed materials will be rotated to your table.
Stations will rotate every 15 minutes.
Questions?

22. Pistil

23. Plant Practice What part of the flower attracts pollinators?
2. What part of the flower produces pollen?
3. True or False: The pistil is the female part of the flower.
4. True or False: The ovary becomes the fruit to hold the seeds.
5. True or False: A plant that produces a flower is called a gymnosperm.

24. Animal Notes / 4.0 What is an Animal?
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Motile
Sexual Reproduction
More advanced systems

25. Differences in the Animal Kingdom
Vertebrates-Have a backbone
Invertebrates-Do not have a backbone
Trends in evolution:
Symmetry: Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral(cephalization)
Cells to tissues to organs to organ systems
Sponges are the least advanced (most primitive) animal. Sponges do not have specialized tissues.
Chordates are the most advanced. We have backbones and organ systems

27. annelids

28. Insects

29. amphibians

30. Mammals (look in a mirror)

31. Animal Function Chart!
Complete the chart using the key for the 4 highlighted animal groups.
You may use a textbook, phone (online notes) and previous knowledge.
20 minutes

32. Major Groups of Animals
Annelids
Invertebrates with segmented bodies
Closed Circulatory System: Blood is enclosed in tubes
Nephridia: Organ for excretion (like a kidney)
Sexual Reproduction: Annelids are hermaphrodites (have male and female genitalia)
Primitive Brain
Insects
Invertebrates with an exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Open Circulatory System: Blood is not enclosed in tubes and ‘washes over’ organs.
Complete Metamorphosis= to completely change forms. Ex. Catepillar to butterfly.
Trachea is used for gas exchange (respiration)
Malpighian tubules to excrete waste.
Social Structure and communication through pheromones. Ex. Ants following a trail.
Brain and advanced sensory organs

33. Major groups of animals cont.
Amphibians: Vertebrates (chordates) that live part of their life in water and part on land
Ectothermic =cold blooded
Closed Circulatory System powered by a 3 chambered heart
Metamorphosis = change through development. Ex. Tadpole to a frog.
Lay eggs usually in the water.
Mammals: Vertebrates (chordates), Hair, Mammary Glands
Closed Circulatory System and Advanced Nervous System
Internal Fertilization/Mostly Live Birth
Eutherians (Placental), Marsupial (pouch), Egg-laying mammals
ex. Humans ex. Kangaroo ex. Platypus