1. Take 5: 2/16/11 Rhizome Fronds Female seeds have a bad smell
What is the underground stem that anchors a fern called? _______________________
_____________ are the leaves of a fern.
What is something unusual about Ginkophyta?
Rhizome
Fronds
Female seeds have a bad smell
One known species

2. Take 5: 3/5/12
The two structures in which plants reproduce is ____________ and ____________.
The female reproductive structure of nonvascular plants is called a(n) _____.
Liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and ferns are all examples of __________________.
Seeds Spores
Archegonia
Non-Seed Plants

3. Plant Cells & Tissues
Ch 23.1

4. There are 3 types of plant cells
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

5. 3 types of plant cells Parenchyma most abundant
TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS = STORAGE
and FOOD PRODUCTION (Photosynthesis)
Also FUNCTIONS TO PRODUCE SAP.
large vacuole stores water, starch grains, oils
Example: The cells of the white potato.

6. Parenchyma

7. 3 types of plant cells Collenchyma
unevenly thickened cell walls to allow cells to grow
FUNCTION = PROVIDE STRENGTH AND SUPPORT
arranged in tube-like strands
Example: the resilient strands in stalks of celery

8. 3 types of plant cells Sclerenchyma thick and rigid cells
at maturity, cells die
thick cell wall remains and PROVIDES SUPPORT
2 cell types: fibers & sclerids
a) fibers = long thin strandlike cells
b) sclereids = irregularly shaped, in clusters (ex: apple core, gritty pear texture)

9. Sclerenchyma

10. 3 types of plant cells
Good Review

11. Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

13. 4 types of plant tissue Dermal Tissue Ground Tissue Vascular Tissue
Meristematic Tissue

14. Dermal tissues FUNCTION = COVER & PROTECT BODY OF PLANT
aka epidermis (tightly packed flattened cells that cover all parts of plant)
epidermal cells produce waxy _________ to prevent water loss
cuticle

15. Dermal tissues

16. Dermal tissues
Also has ________ (stomata = plural) to control water loss.
Stomata are openings in leaf tissue that control gas exchange.
____________ control opening and closing of stomata.
Guard cells regulate water loss from leaf.
stoma
Guard cells

17. Dermal tissues

18. Dermal tissues In addition, the dermal tissue of roots have __________
The function of root hairs is to absorb water and dissolved minerals.
root hairs

19. Dermal tissues
Trichomes = hairlike projections on stem (“fuzzy appearance”)
They function to reduce H20 evaporation from plant
They can also secrete _________ substances to protect plant from predators
toxic
trichomes

20. Ground tissue
FUNCTION = ASSIST WITH PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STORAGE, & SUPPORT
Composed mostly of parenchyma cells
Located throughout plant
Have chloroplasts
Ground tissue in stems and roots have _______________ for storing starch grain and water
large vacuoles

21. Vascular tissue
FUNCTION = TRANSPORT FOOD, DISSOLVED MINERALS, AND WATER
Two types of vascular tissue: xylem & phloem

22. Vascular tissue
Xylem
FUNCTION = TRANSPORTS WATER AND DISSOLVED MINERALS FROM ROOTS TO REST OF PLANT
tubular shaped cells
made of 4 types of cells:
a) tracheids
b) vessel elements
c) fibers
d) parenchyma

23. Vascular tissue Phloem
FUNCTION = TRANSPORTS SUGAR AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM LEAVES TO REST OF PLANT
tubular cells joined end to end
made up of 2 types of cells
sieve tube members (have cytoplasm, no nucleus or ribosomes)
companion cell (have a nucleus, help transport sugars thru sieve tubes)
large pores at sieve plates exist to allow sugar to move between sieve tube members

24. Vascular tissue

25. Vascular tissue

26. Meristematic tissue tip of root
________________ = region of actively dividing cells where growing plant produces new cells
2 typical types
Apical meristem: near tip of roots or stems
produce cells that allow roots and stems in become longer
Lateral meristem: results in diameter increase of roots and stems
Meristem
tip of root

27. Meristematic tissue
Lateral meristem: results in diameter increase of roots and stems
Example: most woody plants
2 types of lateral meristem = vascular cambium and cork cambium
vascular cambium = produces new xylem and phloem cells in stems and roots
cork cambium = produces cells with tough cell walls along surface of roots and stems (i.e. bark)
3rd type exists in grasses, corn, & other monocots, where the part of stem between leaves grows (these plants don’t have vascular or cork meristem)

28. Meristematic tissue

29. Roots, Stems & Leaves
Ch 23.2

30. Roots
Roots function as an _________ and are capable of absorbing _________ and dissolved minerals.
They also have _________________ for transporting water & nutrients.
anchor
water
vascular tissue

31. Roots
They vary in shape: short, long, thick, thin, massive, threadlike
Ideally roots want a large _____________ for absorbing water and dissolved minerals.
surface area

32. Roots

33. Roots There are 2 types of root systems (depends on environment).
A) taproot = single, thick structures (ex: carrots, beets)
B) fibrous roots = many, small branching roots (ex: grasses, clovers)

34. taproot
fibrous root

35. Root structure
Let’s look at the layers within a root, starting out and working our way in.
cortex
endodermis
epidermis
pericycle
Xylem & phloem
INSIDE
OUTSIDE

36. Root structure 5 4 epidermis
The outermost structure on a root are ____________________ which increase surface area, ultimately allowing more water, oxygen, & dissolved minerals to be absorbed
epidermis 5
Next layer = cortex
The cortex transports water and dissolved minerals into vascular tissue
Mostly parenchyma cells that store food, water 4

37. Root structure 3 2 Next layer = pericycle Produces lateral roots
Next layer = endodermis
A layer of waterproof cell walls around vascular tissue
This layer controls water flow & dissolved minerals into roots 3
Next layer = pericycle
Produces lateral roots 2

38. Root structure 1 Xylem & phloem = in center of root
monocot = vascular bundles surround central core aka pith
dicot = central star 1

39. Root structure root hairs cortex endodermis epidermis pericycle
Xylem & phloem
INSIDE
OUTSIDE

40. Makes it longer
Protection

41. epidermis

42. Root growth Region where roots grow in length = _______________
As these newly created cells mature, they differentiate and take on specific functions.
The tip of root is covered by __________ (protective layer of parenchyma cells).
Also, vascular cambium in dicots increases the _________ of roots.
apical meristem
root cap
diameter

43. Stem Supports leaves and flowers
Has vascular tissue to transport water, dissolved minerals, sugars
Herbaceous or woody
Some stems store food (to survive harsh weather) ex: corn, tubers, & rhizomes

44. Internal structure of stems
Vascular tissue appears in 2 arrangements: scattered (monocot) & circular (dicot)
monocot
dicot

45. Woody Stems
Examples: conifers, perennial dicots (have thick sturdy stems)
As plants grow up they also g r o w o u t
The added thickness on sides aka “secondary growth.” It is created by the vascular cambium.
Woody stems have visible annual growth rings with sclerenchyma fibers

46. Woody Stems Tissue layers outermost innermost vascular cambium phloem
bark
xylem
outermost
innermost
Tissue layers

47. Stems transport materials
Xylem transports __________ and dissolved minerals from _________ to _________
Phloem carries dissolved __________, hormones, viruses from __________ to ____________
“sink” = any portion of plant that stores sugars (ex: parenchyma cells)
“translocation” = movement of sugars in phloem
water
roots
leaves
sugars
leaves
roots

48. Growth in Stem primary growth
The term “primary growth” refers to a plant increasing in length along the stem at nodes where they give rise to branches and leaves.
primary growth

49. Leaves photosynthesis surface area
Primary function = ____________________
Leaves want to have a large ________________ to capture light.
Leaf blade = flat broad green structure (vary in size and shape)
Some leaves join directly to stem
Some leaves have a stalk that joins leaf blade to stem
The stalk of a leaf = petiole (has vascular tissue)
surface area

50. leaf blade

51. Leaf structure Outermost layer = Epidermis
Next = Mesophyll: Photosynthesizing tissue of leaf
Palisade mesophyll = photosynthesis occurs here
Spongy mesophyll = has lots of air pockets for CO2, O2, & water vapor to exit via stomata

53. Transpiration loss of water via stomata = aka transpiration
Think PERSPIRATION… when you sweat you lose water through your pores

54. Leaf modifications
A) Some plants release irritants when crushed or broken
B) Another modification = cactus spines which are modified leaves (to reduce water loss).
C) Carnivorous plants use their leaves to trap insects.
D) Some leaves function as water or food storage sites (ex: aloe vera)
E) Bulb = shortened stem, flower bud and immature leaves
ex: onion, tulips, narcissus, lilies